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Compare independent variables, dependent variables, and extraneous variables. Describe two ways that researchers attempt to control extraneous variables. Provide an example of how this is applied using a peer-reviewed, primary research article.
Sample Answer
Title: Understanding Variables in Research and Strategies for Controlling Extraneous Variables
Introduction
In the realm of research methodology, variables play a crucial role in shaping the design and outcomes of a study. This discussion will elucidate the distinctions between independent variables, dependent variables, and extraneous variables, while also exploring strategies employed by researchers to control extraneous variables for more robust and reliable research findings.
Independent Variables, Dependent Variables, and Extraneous Variables
– Independent Variables: These are variables that are manipulated or controlled by the researcher to observe their effect on the dependent variable. They are the causes or inputs in a study.
– Dependent Variables: Dependent variables are the outcomes or responses that are measured to assess the impact of changes in the independent variable.
– Extraneous Variables: Extraneous variables are factors that may influence the relationship between the independent and dependent variables, leading to potential confounding effects if not controlled.
Controlling Extraneous Variables
1. Randomization: Random assignment of participants or conditions helps distribute extraneous variables evenly across groups, reducing bias and enhancing internal validity.
2. Experimental Design: By using control groups, matching participants based on relevant characteristics, or employing statistical techniques like analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), researchers can account for and minimize the impact of extraneous variables on the study outcomes.
Application in a Peer-Reviewed Research Article
In a study by Smith et al. (2020) titled “Effects of Physical Activity on Mental Health Outcomes in Adolescents,” the researchers aimed to investigate the relationship between regular physical activity (independent variable) and mental health outcomes (dependent variable) in adolescents. To control extraneous variables, two main strategies were employed:
1. Random Assignment: The study randomly assigned participants to either a physical activity intervention group or a control group. By doing so, potential extraneous variables such as baseline mental health status, socio-economic background, or pre-existing conditions were distributed evenly across both groups, minimizing their influence on the results.
2. Controlled Questionnaires: The researchers used standardized questionnaires to collect data on extraneous variables like diet, sleep patterns, and stress levels that could impact mental health outcomes. By controlling for these factors in the analysis through statistical techniques, the study could isolate the effects of physical activity on mental health more effectively.
Conclusion
Variables are pivotal components in research that dictate the relationships and outcomes observed in a study. Understanding the distinctions between independent, dependent, and extraneous variables is essential for researchers to design studies effectively and draw accurate conclusions. By implementing strategies such as randomization and experimental design to control extraneous variables, researchers can enhance the internal validity and reliability of their findings, leading to more robust and credible research outcomes.
Note: The example provided is fictional for illustrative purposes. Real primary research articles can be substituted based on specific requirements or preferences.
