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The Importance of Policy Analysis in Public Health

 

As you prepare your Signature Assignment this week, please keep in mind that for your Week 8 assignment, you will review and respond to the feedback provided for the Week 7 Signature Assignment. You will also reflect on the course content, concepts, and course competencies, and critically analyze and document how these elements impact and/or advance your career interests and degree program pathway. Use an annotated bibliography to support your ideas.
You will continue working with the policy you chose to implement in Week 6. You will utilize the policy analysis worksheet to examine whether the implemented policy is working in the desired way and the impact it is having on the organization.
Policy Analysis: Key Questions
• What is the policy lever—is it legislative, administrative, regulatory, other?
• What level of government or institution will implement?
• How does the policy work/operate? (e.g., is it mandatory? Will enforcement be necessary? How is it funded? Who is responsible for administering the policy?)
• What are the objectives of the policy?
• What is the legal landscape surrounding the policy (e.g., court rulings, constitutionality)?
• What is the historical context (e.g., has the policy been debated previously)?
• What are the experiences of other jurisdictions?
• What is the value-added of the policy?
• What are the expected short, intermediate, and long-term outcomes?
• What might be the unintended positive and negative consequences of the policy?
Public Health Impact: Potential for the policy to impact risk factors, quality of life, disparities, morbidity and mortality
• How does the policy address the problem or issue (e.g., increase access, protect from exposure)?
• What are the magnitude, reach, and distribution of benefit and burden (including impact on risk factor, quality of life, morbidity and mortality)?
o What population(s) will benefit? How much? When?
o What population(s) will be negatively impacted? How much? When?
• Will the policy impact health disparities / health equity? How?
• Are there gaps in the data/evidence-base?
Feasibility*: Likelihood that the policy can be successfully adopted and implemented Political
• What are the current political forces, including political history, environment, and policy debate?
• Who are the stakeholders, including supporters and opponents? What are their interests and values?
• What are the potential social, educational, and cultural perspectives associated with the policy option (e.g., lack of knowledge, fear of change, force of habit)?
• What are the potential impacts of the policy on other sectors and high priority issues (e.g., sustainability, economic impact)?
Operational
• What are the resource, capacity, and technical needs developing, enacting, and implementing the policy?
• How much time is needed for the policy to be enacted, implemented, and enforced?
• How scalable, flexible, and transferable is the policy?
Economic and budgetary impacts: Comparison of the costs to enact, implement, and enforce the policy with the value of the benefits Budget
• What are the costs and benefits associated with the policy, from a budgetary perspective?
o e.g., for public (federal, state, local) and private entities to enact, implement, and enforce the policy?
Economic
• How do costs compare to benefits (e.g., cost-savings, costs averted, ROI, cost- effectiveness, cost-benefit analysis, etc.)?
o How are costs and benefits distributed (e.g., for individuals, businesses, government)?
o What is the timeline for costs and benefits?
• Where are there gaps in the data/evidence-base?

 

Sample Answer

The Importance of Policy Analysis in Public Health
Thesis Statement: Policy analysis plays a crucial role in public health by evaluating the effectiveness, feasibility, and economic impact of policies, ultimately determining their potential to improve population health outcomes.

Introduction: Public health policies are essential tools for promoting and protecting the health of populations. However, the success of these policies depends on various factors, such as their design, implementation, and impact on health outcomes. Policy analysis provides a comprehensive framework for evaluating the effectiveness, feasibility, and economic impact of public health policies. This essay will discuss the key questions involved in policy analysis and highlight its importance in improving public health.

I. Policy Analysis: Key Questions Policy analysis involves asking critical questions to understand the nature and potential impact of a policy. The following key questions are crucial for conducting a comprehensive policy analysis:

What is the policy lever and level of government or institution responsible for implementation?
How does the policy work and operate? Is it mandatory? Who administers it? How is it funded?
What are the objectives of the policy?
What is the legal landscape surrounding the policy? Are there any court rulings or constitutional considerations?
What is the historical context of the policy? Has it been debated previously?
What are the experiences of other jurisdictions with similar policies?
What is the value-added of the policy?
What are the expected short, intermediate, and long-term outcomes?
What might be the unintended positive and negative consequences of the policy?
II. Public Health Impact Policy analysis in public health focuses on evaluating the potential impact of policies on risk factors, quality of life, disparities, morbidity, and mortality. The following aspects are considered:

How does the policy address the problem or issue at hand? Does it increase access or protect from exposure?
What is the magnitude, reach, and distribution of benefits and burdens? Which populations will benefit or be negatively impacted?
Will the policy address health disparities and promote health equity?
Are there any gaps in the data or evidence-base supporting the policy?
III. Feasibility Feasibility assessment is critical to determine if a policy can be successfully adopted and implemented. It involves considering political, social, educational, cultural, and operational aspects:

What are the current political forces and policy debates surrounding the policy?
Who are the stakeholders involved? What are their interests and values?
What potential social, educational, and cultural perspectives may influence the policy’s adoption?
What impacts might the policy have on other sectors or high priority issues?
What are the resource, capacity, and technical needs for developing, enacting, and implementing the policy?
How much time is needed for the policy to be enacted, implemented, and enforced?
IV. Economic and Budgetary Impacts Economic and budgetary considerations play a significant role in policy analysis:

What are the costs and benefits associated with the policy from a budgetary perspective?
How do costs compare to benefits? Are there cost-savings or cost-effectiveness measures?
How are costs and benefits distributed among individuals, businesses, and government entities?
What is the timeline for costs and benefits?
Conclusion: Policy analysis is crucial for evaluating public health policies’ effectiveness, feasibility, and economic impact. By asking key questions and conducting a comprehensive analysis, policymakers can make informed decisions that can improve population health outcomes. As public health challenges continue to evolve, policy analysis remains an essential tool for shaping effective policies that promote and protect public health.

References:

Beaglehole R., & Bonita R. (2010). Public health at the crossroads: which way forward? The Lancet, 376(9754), 536-539.
Buse K., & Mays N. (2012). Walt G: Making Health Policy (Understanding Public Health). Open University Press.
Brownson R.C., Chriqui J.F., & Stamatakis K.A. (2009). Understanding evidence-based public health policy. American Journal of Public Health, 99(9), 1576-1583.
Walt G., Shiffman J., Schneider H., Murray S.F., Brugha R., & Gilson L. (2008). ‘Doing’ health policy analysis: methodological and conceptual reflections and challenges. Health Policy and Planning, 23(5), 308-317.

 

 

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