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W18345

SHOULD MARUTI SUZUKI INVEST IN ELECTRIC CARS?1

Veena Keshav Pailwar wrote this case solely to provide material for class discussion. The author does not intend to illustrate either effective or ineffective handling of a managerial situation. The author may have disguised certain names and other identifying information to protect confidentiality.

This publication may not be transmitted, photocopied, digitized, or otherwise reproduced in any form or by any means without the permission of the copyright holder. Reproduction of this material is not covered under authorization by any reproduction rights organization. To order copies or request permission to reproduce materials, contact Ivey Publishing, Ivey Business School, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada, N6G 0N1; (t) 519.661.3208; (e) [email protected]; www.iveycases.com.

In April 2017, the erstwhile power minister Piyush Goyal announced that by 2030, not one petrol or diesel car would be sold in India.2 A month later, The National Institute for Transforming India (NITI Aayog), an Indian government think tank also announced its ambitious target of achieving 100-per-cent electric cars (e-cars) in the county.3 On September 7, 2017, during a meeting with automobile industry representatives, transport minister Nitin Gadkari reiterated the government’s stance on clean energy vehicles and said, “Petrol and diesel vehicles need to make way for electric powertrains and engines running on other fuel variants, such as ethanol and biofuels.” He added, “I am going to do it, whether you like it or not. I will bulldoze.”4 Reacting to such a tough statement by the minister, chairman of the Indian automaker Maruti Suzuki India Ltd. (Maruti), R.C. Bhargava, stated, “Customers can’t be forced to buy EVs [electric vehicles].” He went further to say, “Before implementing the shift to clean technology, the government should try and build consensus among various segments of the auto industry.”5

Earlier, Kenichi Ayukawa, Maruti’s managing director and chief executive officer, had expressed similar sentiments. Reacting to the Indian government’s ambitious plan of replacing all fossil fuel vehicles with e-cars in the country by 2030, he said, “It will be very difficult for the industry to change things from tomorrow. . . . I have never seen that kind of a change in the world.” Questioning the commercial viability of the plan, the affordability of e-cars, and the availability of appropriate infrastructure, he added, “There are some difficulties in expanding sales as cost is very high. How will we absorb that kind of thing[?] . . . We have to communicate to the government about [the] industry’s concerns.”6

Demand and cost conditions for fully electric vehicles were not at all favourable. But the government’s announcement was requiring some rethinking by Maruti on its strategy. Apart from meeting regulatory compliances, it had to ponder how to retain its leadership position in the car market. Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd. (Mahindra), a major force in the automotive segment, had already taken the lead in manufacturing e-cars.7 If Maruti delayed its entry into the e-car market, it could lose its lead. However, a quick entry could subject the company to uncertainty and risk.

MARUTI SUZUKI: A LEADER IN THE PASSENGER CAR SEGMENT

Established in 1982, Maruti was a joint venture between Maruti Udyog Limited, India, and Suzuki Motor Corporation (Suzuki), Japan.8 Maruti aimed to make cars available for every individual, family, need,

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budget, and lifestyle.9 It believed in consumer satisfaction through continuous innovation in car design and services.10 The company was also committed to environment protection, and took pride in its corporate social responsibility in the areas of village development, road safety, and skills development.11

At the time of Maruti’s establishment, India produced just 40,000 cars per year. By 2017, Maruti alone produced 1.5 million cars every year with 15 models and 150 variants.12 Maruti’s models were designed with superior specifications, which resulted in high resale value and less service requirement for the models. Maruti cars also provided more mileage with less fuel consumption and lower carbon dioxide emissions.

Maruti cars not only excelled in performance efficiency and environment-friendliness, they were also cost efficient.13 Maruti manufactured affordable cars for the vast middle-class Indian population. Economies of scale provided the cost leadership the company needed. Maruti cars ranged from ₹ 266,00014 to ₹ 861,000.15

Because of their small size and durability, Maruti cars were suitable for Indian road conditions (see Exhibit 1). Along with these advantages, good mileage and a nationwide service network that spanned over 1,500 cities and towns made these cars immensely popular.16 With more than 40-per-cent market share (see Exhibit 2), Maruti was a distinct market leader in India’s automotive passenger vehicle segment. In 2015, Maruti was ranked number one in customer satisfaction for the 16th time in a row in a JD Power Satisfaction Index Study.17

MAHINDRA AND MAHINDRA TO HEAD ELECTRIC VEHICLES RACE

Emerging as a distinct entity in 1947 (after the partition of the country), Mahindra aspired to become one of the world’s 50 most admired global brands by 2021.18 It wanted to acquire leadership through products that were technologically superior, innovative, and differentiated, as well as through global expansion. Famous for its rugged and reliable automobiles, Mahindra was a federation of companies divided into 11 sectors, ranging from automobiles to real estate. It was India’s largest utility vehicle manufacturer. It also had a leadership position in the several other businesses in which it operated.19 Mahindra forayed into the electric vehicle business in 2010, when it bought the Bengaluru-based e-car manufacturing unit—Reva Electric Car Company.20 By May 2017, Mahindra had invested around ₹ 6 billion in the development and sale of electric vehicles. But demand was not catching up with production. Mahindra expected great potential for such vehicles, despite the low demand. It also believed that such potential in a highly price-sensitive market could be reaped only by cost-cutting measures and reducing the entry price.21

Mahindra manufactured e-cars in its Nasik and Chakan factories in the state of Maharashtra.22 The e-cars it manufactured could reach a speed of 85 kilometres (km) per hour and run for 140 km on a fully charged battery.23 Batteries were essential for the production of e-cars and other vehicles. Mahindra imported battery cells and assembled them in battery packs at a facility in Bangalore, in Karnataka state. The facility had a capacity of around 400–500 units per month.24 Expecting a steep rise in demand and reducing costs through large production, Mahindra was stepping up its investment in electric battery packs. It planned to increase the production of battery packs at the Bangalore facility to 1,000 per month. In its eagerness to win the e-car race, Mahindra also planned to set up a new battery pack facility at Chakan, with a planned capacity of 5,000 per month. Mahindra expected that with such initiatives, the cost of batteries would decrease by two-thirds of its prevalent cost. With a reduction in the cost of batteries and other motor components, Mahindra expected the cost of car manufacturing to drop by 20 per cent. It was also simultaneously working on new technologies that would enable it to manufacture vehicles that could reach a maximum speed of 200 km per hour and cover a distance of 350–400 km on a single charge.25

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Besides the internal cost-cutting measures, Mahindra was relying on the government’s production subsidy for electric vehicles to original equipment manufacturers (OEMs). Although Mahindra was hopeful about the success of its cost-cutting measures and increasing demand, it was looking for consistency in government policies. Pawan Goenka, the managing director of Mahindra, emphasized the need for consistent policies: “The only plea we have is for the government to be consistent with the subsidies they are giving. The responsibility of cutting costs thereon lies on the OEMs. However, you can’t expect a return in the next two–three years; will have to look at the long-term returns.”26

Like the Indian government, Mahindra saw a great future for e-cars. Therefore, Mahindra’s chairman welcomed and expressed his support of the ambitious plan of the government to shift to e-cars by 2030: “It could happen earlier too, considering the sort of disruption that is happening. . . . Sometimes it’s better not to question the practicality of it. This is a desirable and feasible goal for India. The spectre of 1.2 billion people having their own [fossil fuel powered] cars is a nightmare.”27

ELECTRIC CARS: GLOBAL SCENARIO

Pollution control and environmental sustainability were global concerns. Replacing cars powered by fossil fuels with e-cars was one way to address this concern. Therefore, many countries had set targets to replace petrol and diesel cars with e-cars. Norway aimed to achieve a target of 100-per-cent e-cars by 2025. Germany wanted to achieve this target by 2030, and the United Kingdom aimed at achieving the target by 2040.28 To achieve their targets, these countries had been giving incentives in the form of tax deductions or other subsidies to consumers, producers, and supporting infrastructure providers (see Exhibit 3 and Exhibit 4).

Boosted by the research and development (R&D) efforts of many governments and private sector firms all over the world, new competitive e-car models had started appearing in the market by 2010, when Nissan Motor Co. Ltd. (Nissan) launched the world’s first 100-per-cent zero-emission e-car. Nissan’s Leaf was released for mass market distribution in Japan and the United States.29 With a price of US$32,780, the 2010 Nissan Leaf could travel up to160 km on a fully charged battery.30 Over the years, its mileage continued to improve, and in early September 2017, Nissan announced the launch of its 2018 Leaf model with a 40 kilowatt-hour (kWh) battery pack and a driving range of 240 km on a single charge for the base price of US$30,875. The next year’s model, the 2019 Nissan Leaf, was expected to have a 60-kWh capacity and a driving range of 360 km. Since the launch of the Leaf in 2010, Nissan had been able to sell around 280,000 units, making it the world’s bestselling e-car.31

In the e-car segment, a close competitor of Nissan was Tesla, Inc. (Tesla). Tesla introduced the Roadster, its first electric sports car, in 2008.32 Although it had plenty of speed, the Roadster was expensive at US$109,000, which kept it out of the general consumer’s reach.33 However, in 2011, Tesla launched the 7-seater Model S sedan with a range of up to 260 km and a price of US$57,400. The intermediate model had a range of 370 km and the premium model offered a range of 480 km per charge.34 Although it became a commercially viable vehicle for Tesla, it was an expensive vehicle for the general consumer. Tesla further expanded its product range by introducing the Model X, a sport utility vehicle, in September 2015.35 In July 2017, it also added to its product range the Model 3, a lower priced, high volume e-car. The base price for the Model 3 was US$35,000, with battery pack of 50 kWh and a range of 350 km. The Model 3 was also available with a battery pack of 70 kWh and a range of 500 km, for the price of US$44,000.36

Other major global auto players had also launched their own e-car variants. Some well-known models were BMW’s i3, Renault’s 20e, Volkswagen AG (Volkswagen)’s e-Golf, Hyundai Motor Company (Hyundai)’s IONIQ, and others.37 However, of the 1 billion cars on the world’s roads, only 2 million were electric.38

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General awareness about e-cars was relatively low, not only in developing countries like India, but also in developed countries like the United Kingdom. Sander van der Veen, the U.K. manager of the electric charging organization NewMotion, commented on the general lack of awareness: “At the moment general consumer awareness of EVs is pretty low in the UK. . . . It’s the responsibility of governments, car manufacturers and companies like NewMotion, who support the charging infrastructure, to help raise awareness and educate the next generation of car users.”39

Electric vehicles were not yet a success anywhere in the world, but growth prospects looked positive. There was impressive growth in e-car sales in 2016, when around 750,000 new e-cars were sold, raising the total number of e-cars on the road to over 2 million, compared to 1 million in 2015. With a 29-per-cent market share, Norway led in the sale of e-cars globally. It was followed by the Netherlands and Sweden, with market shares of 6.4 per cent and 3.4 per cent, respectively. Other leading countries in e-car sales were China, France, and the United Kingdom, with market shares of close to 1.5 per cent each. Until 2015, the United States had accounted for the largest market for e-car sales. However, in 2016, China surpassed the United States, accounting for more than 40 per cent of all e-cars, which was double the amount of e-cars in the United States.40

Along with the growth in e-car sales, there was improvement in the charging infrastructure, but the number of e-cars in circulation was still far below the optimum scale for production. It was expected that with the achievement of economies of scale, the price of e-cars would decline substantially, making them more affordable to everyday buyers. According to a report by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and by the International Energy Agency, mass production would lead to a rapid decline in the cost of manufacturing and would increase energy density. The existing status of R&D confirmed continuous improvement in the cost of e-cars to narrow the gap between the cost competiveness of e-cars and conventional vehicles. The report forecasted that e-car stock would range between 9 and 20 million by 2020 and between 40 and 70 million by 2025. The information was based on targets set by different countries, announcements made by OEMs, and projected e-car sales. However, the report also cautioned that much would depend on government policy, the business environment, the supporting ecosystem, public procurement policies, the speed of R&D in innovative technologies, and financial incentives, among other factors.41 Favourable changes would facilitate early adoption of e-cars. Other studies, including one by Stanford University, were also positive about the future of e-cars. That study predicted that by 2030, the demand for fossil fuel vehicles would completely wane, which would have a major impact on their cost, the quality of service, and convenience of use.42

ELECRIC CAR SCENARIO IN INDIA

In 2016, three different types of cars were operating in India: conventional fossil fuel cars, hybrid cars, and fully electric vehicles (see Exhibit 5). The annual Indian car market size was around 2.5 million passenger cars, but the market for e-cars and other electric vehicles was very limited. The 5,000 e-cars on Indian roads accounted for less than 1 per cent of total car sales in the country. Mahindra was the only company in the country manufacturing e-cars: the e2o Plus and the eVerito. The price of Mahindra’s e2o Plus ranged between ₹ 757,000 and ₹ 1.127 million, whereas the price of the eVerito ranged between ₹ 950,000 and ₹ 1 million.43 Tata Motors Limited (Tata), another major Indian car manufacturer, was in the process of launching e-cars and had already proposed the concept of the Tiago EV and the electric Nano. Although Mahindra was the only automaker in the passenger e-car segment, there were many other companies active in the commercial vehicle market. For example, Mahindra offered two electric commercial vehicles, the e-Supro passenger and cargo van, and the e-Alfa mini rickshaw; Tata offered the e-Starbus; and Ashok Leyland, another automobile company, offered the circuit series of electric buses.44

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Many multinational automakers, such as Nissan and Toyota Motor Corporation (Toyota), also had advanced technology in this sphere, but their products were expensive.45 Mahindra had an advantage by being the first mover in the challenging Indian market.

CONSTRAINS IN BOOSTING DEMAND

An average fully charged e-car battery gave impressive mileage, at approximately 140 km,46 but the cost was very high. Battery cost accounted for around one-third of the total manufacturing cost of e-cars,47 and most Indian consumers could not afford expensive cars. India was also largely dependent on imported batteries, due to its insignificant deposits of lithium, a key raw material used in most electric batteries.48 However, efforts were under way globally to manufacture electric batteries using alternative materials such as aluminum, which was not only cheaper but also safer than lithium, and required less charging time.49 India had large deposits of the aluminum ore bauxite,50 which implied that the cost of batteries was expected to improve in India’s future. Aluminum batteries, however, had a relatively short shelf life. Also, its advantages, which had only been proven in laboratory settings thus far, had yet to be seen in real-world settings.

Limited battery charging infrastructure was another major constraint for e-cars. Mumbai and Nagpur were two of the few cities that had battery charging stations. Otherwise, India’s infrastructure for chargers was weak. Some e-cars, such as Mahindra’s e2o Plus, could be charged at home using a 15-ampere charging socket, which took eight or nine hours, although faster charging options existed that reduced charging time to one and a half hours.51 To make matters worse, the country had frequent breakdowns in its electricity supply. The lack of a commercial charging network, long charging times, and an inconsistent electricity supply constrained the demand for passenger and commercial electric vehicles in the country.

AUTOMOBILE POLICY IN INDIA

The automotive industry accounted for 7.1 per cent of India’s gross domestic product and employed around 32 million people, directly and indirectly.52 This industry was a major consumer of crude oil, but with its poor oil reserves, India depended mainly on imported oil. Its high import bill was one reason for the country’s bourgeoning trade deficit.53 A significant movement toward e-cars, along with a shift toward green energy sources, would not only help the country control pollution levels but also generate significant savings in oil import (see Exhibit 6). An additional benefit of electric vehicles was that they were more energy efficient. Emphasizing India’s reasons for leading the e-car revolution, Ashok Jhunjhunwala, the principal advisor to the Ministry of Power and the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, noted that with battery prices falling, electric vehicles would be most sought after in the next five to six years. He then warned that if India waited until that time, it would end up importing electric vehicles instead of oil.54

To lead the electric vehicle revolution, the government came up with several initiatives. In 2013, the Government of India launched the National Electric Mobility Plan 2020, with the objective of achieving national fuel security by promoting hybrid and electric vehicles.55 To achieve its objective, the government launched another program in 2015—the Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of (Hybrid &) Electric Vehicles, commonly referred to as the FAME scheme56 (see Exhibit 7). Also in 2015, to further promote the adoption of electric vehicles, the National Green Tribunal banned the registration of new diesel vehicles in India’s capital city, Delhi.57

The roll out of a new indirect tax reform, in the form of the Goods and Services Tax in July 2017, was expected to reduce the tax burden on passenger vehicles, although the government nullified this benefit by raising taxes on premium cars.58 Political leaders belonging to the incumbent government passed on any

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anti-fossil-fuel declaration.59 The government was providing consumer subsidies for e-cars, but fiscal imbalance was casting doubts on their sustainability. Besides, the country did not yet have an electric vehicle policy, so car manufacturers were not sure whether the benefits would continue for e-cars.60 Unlike the governments of many other countries, which promoted electric vehicles, the Indian government had no provision for a tax incentives for electric car owners. India had also made substantial investments in oil refineries. Therefore, car manufactures, the public, and analysts all feared that the government could succumb to its large fiscal deficit and pressure from oil companies and fail to reach its self-imposed deadlines. Given the uncertain environment, many well-known global car brands in India, including Hyundai, Honda Motor Company Inc., Toyota, and Mercedes-Benz, were finding it difficult to convince their parent companies to direct investments toward the Indian market.61

INVESTMENT IN E-CARS AND COMPONENTS IN INDIA BY MULTINATIONAL COMPANIES

Suzuki indicated its intention to set up a joint venture with Toshiba Corporation and Denso Corporation with an investment of ₹ 12 billion million in lithium-ion battery manufacturing. It aimed to use these locally manufactured batteries in domestically-developed hybrid and fully electric vehicles by 2020. Nissan was also exploring the demand for its e-car, the Nissan Leaf, within the government and in private-sector firms. It was also interested to learn if the car could be assembled in India to meet local conditions, and whether parts could be manufactured in the country itself.62 Tata had signed an agreement with Volkswagen, Europe’s largest automaker, to develop components and new vehicles.63 Tesla, the U.S. electric vehicle maker, was planning to set up a factory in India to cater to local demand for e-cars, but it was looking for a waiver on restrictions to import its high end e-cars until its factory was built in the country.64 Although many foreign companies had shown interest in investing in the production of e-cars and components in India, they appeared to be waiting for more clarity on the evolving economic environment before venturing into the country.

SHIFTING FROM FOSSIL FUEL CARS TO E-CARS

Mahindra, which had already launched two models of e-cars, was intending to electrify its range of vehicles. Analysts were expecting that it would come up with a series of fully electric extra utility vehicles (so-called XUVs).65 Other car manufacturers were also preparing their e-car platforms. These manufacturers had already indicated their intention to launch e-cars by 2020. Audi India, for example, was ready to launch e-cars by 2020, while Hyundai, which had originally planned to launch a hybrid car, had shelved its hybrid plans and was shifting its focus to an e-car.66

Maruti wondered if it should wait for the uncertainty to clear and watch other car manufacturers experiment with their e-car models, thus taking a second-mover advantage. Or maybe it should expedite the process of building e-cars and keep its leadership position intact. What was at stake for Maruti if it delayed its move to e-cars for few years? Investment costs were very high, but leadership was also important. If it opted for entry in the e-car segment, what would be its best entry mode to effectively manage the competition in the crowded market? The stakes were very high and depended greatly on the consistency of government policies.

Veena Keshav Pailwar is a faculty member at the Institute of Management Technology, Nagpur, India.

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This document is authorized for use only by dorothy sansoni in EC 5500 Managerial Economics 8 Weeks taught by Jules Yimga, Embry Riddle Aeronautical University from Apr 2023 to Jun 2023.

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EXHIBIT 1: INDIAN ROAD CONDITION AND DRIVING HABITS

Most Indian roads are narrow and congested. Potholes are common sights on these roads. Encroachments on footpaths force pedestrians to walk on roads. Either Indian laws do not meet global safety standards pertaining to drink driving, helmets, and child restraints, or there is lack of enforcement of these laws. These conditions lead to chaos on Indian roads.

A survey conducted by the Ford Motor Company indicated that 49 per cent of respondents in India spend more than 100 minutes every day driving their cars. More than one-fourth of the respondents also admitted to excessive use of mobile devices while driving for taking selfies, text messaging, or accessing emails and various social media sites. About 56 per cent of them admitted to speaking over their mobile devices while driving. Around 55 per cent also changed controls on the music system while driving.

Source: Prepared by the author with information from Dinu Hazrat, “70% of Indian Drivers Have Unsafe Driving Habits, Says Ford Survey,” DNA, accessed March 25, 2018, www.dnaindia.com/business/report-70-of-indian-drivers-have-unsafe-driving-habits-says-ford-survey-1908875; Dipak K. Dashi, “Indians Spend More Time behind the Wheel than Chinese, Aussies: Survey,” Times of India, February 23, 2015, accessed March 25, https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Indians-spend-more-time-behind-the-wheel-than-Chinese-Aussies-Survey/articleshow/46337734.cms.

EXHIBIT 2: MARKET SHARE OF AUTOMOBILE COMPANIES IN 2015–16

Passenger Cars and Vans Medium and Heavy Commercial Vehicles Rank Company Share Rank Company Share

1 Maruti Suzuki India Ltd. 40.48 1 Tata Motors Ltd. 51.85 2 Hyundai Motor India Ltd. 23.70 2 Ashok Leyland Ltd. 21.60

3 Honda Cars India Ltd. 10.20 3 Renault Nissan Automotive India

Pvt. Ltd. 12.33

4 Ford India Pvt. Ltd. 7.89 4 VE Commercial Vehicles Ltd. 6.36

5 Volkswagen India Pvt. Ltd. 5.16 5 Daimler India Commercial

Vehicles Pvt. Ltd. 4.23

6 Skoda Auto India Pvt. Ltd. 3.50 6 Mahindra Vehicle Mfrs. Ltd. 1.29

7 Mercedes-Benz India Pvt.

Ltd. 3.22 7 Man Trucks India Pvt. Ltd. 0.77

8 Fiat India Automobiles Pvt.

Ltd. 2.10 8 Komatsu India Pvt. Ltd. 0.48

9 BMW India Pvt. Ltd. 1.60 9 Scania Commercial Vehicles

India Pvt. Ltd. 0.44

10 General Motors India Pvt.

Ltd. 1.54 10 A M W Motors Ltd. 0.15

Source: “Industry Outlook,” Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy Pvt. Ltd. (CMIE), accessed December 13, 2017, https://industryoutlook.cmie.com/kommon/bin/sr.php?kall=wshreport&repcode=905005000000000000000000000000000000 000000000&repnum=54206&frequency=A&icode=0101014502010500.

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EXHIBIT 3: THREE MOST IMPORTANT FISCAL INCENTIVES FOR ELECTRIC CARS IN WESTERN EUROPE IN 2017

Country Purchase Grant (One Time)

Ownership Tax (Annual)

Company Car Tax (Annual)

Belgium €4,000 (US$4,949) Grant

No Tax at All

120% Deductible

France Up to €10,000 (US$12,372)

Grant

50% or 100% Discount

No Tax at All

United Kingdom £4,500 ($11,345) Grant

No Tax at All

Germany €4,000 (US$4,949) Grant

No tax at All

Up to €8,000 (US$9,897)

Discount Norway No Value Added Tax NOK 455

Instead of NOK 2.820* 50%

Discount The Netherlands No Purchase No Tax at All 4%

Note: *NOK 455 was the road tax on electric vehicles; NOK 2.820 was the road tax on petrol cars; € = EUR = euro; US$1 = €0.92 on April 30, 2017; £ = GBP = British pound; US$1 = £0.77 on April 30, 2017. Source: Compiled by the author with information from Vivian Zhou, “3 Electric Car Incentives You Need to Know in Europe,” rEVolution, July 4, 2017, accessed March 22, 2018, http://blog.ev-box.com/electric-car-incentives/.

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Page 10 9B18M092

EXHIBIT 5: COMPARISON OF CONVENTIONAL CARS, ELECTRIC CARS, AND HYBRID CARS

Conventional Cars

Conventional cars had internal combustion engines, which ran on fossil fuels such as gasoline or diesel. The engines were operated by burning the fuel. The heat generated from combustion caused expansion of gases, which pushed the pistons that turned the wheels. However, the combustion or burning of fuel emitted carbon dioxide and other harmful gases, which contributed to air pollution and global warming.

Electric Cars

Electric cars did not have internal combustion engines. These vehicles had electric motors, which were run using the energy stored in batteries. The energy stored in batteries was released electrochemically. In such a process, there was no burning of fuel, and hence, no emission of any kind, making such cars pollution-free. There were other important differences between the two types of cars. Around 70 per cent of components of e-cars were different from conventional cars. The two types of cars also differed in terms of number of moving parts. Electric motors had just one moving part, whereas conventional cars had more than 100 moving parts. Because of their having fewer moving parts, electric cars required less maintenance, which lowered maintenance costs. Less maintenance also made these cars more reliable.

In addition to lower maintenance costs, these cars were also more fuel cost efficient. According to one estimate, electric cars could travel approximately 70 kilometres for US$1, which was more than twice the efficiency of a conventional or gasoline car.

However, despite their low running and maintenance costs, electric cars had not yet gained popularity. They were expensive, with the major cost being the battery, which accounted for approximately one-third of the total manufacturing cost. Another constraint was the limited range per single charge of the battery. Most batteries had a range of 160–240 kilometres. Besides the batteries having a limited battery life, which necessitated periodic replacement, there was also a need for widespread recharging infrastructure with 24-hour electric power and stable voltage and current. Skilled technicians were also required for the servicing and maintenance of electric cars.

Hybrid Cars

Hybrid cars were a combination of traditional fossil fuel powered cars and electric cars that comprised two engines—a combustion engine and an electric motor. Combustion engines in these cars were run by burning petrol or other fossil fuels, whereas their electric motors used stored energy from an electric battery that could be charged when the car was run on fossil fuel. Hybrid cars had low emissions compared to conventional cars, and they could provide a smooth ride.

Source: Created by authors with information from “How Do Gasoline & Electric Vehicles Compare,” Idaho National Laboratory, accessed October 2, 2017, https://avt.inl.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/fsev/compare.pdf; John Farrell, Electric Vehicles Report: Part 1 — Electric Vehicles Are Going Mainstream, Clean Technica, October 2, 2017, accessed December 13, 2017, https://cleantechnica.com/2017/10/02/electric-vehicles-report-part-1-electric-vehicles-going-mainstream/; Adam Vaughan, “Electric Cars: Everything You Need to Know,” The Guardian, July 26 2017, accessed November 6, 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/jul/26/electric-cars-everything-you-need-to-know.

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EXHIBIT 6: INDIA’S TARGETED ENERGY CAPACITY MIX (IN GIGAWATTS)

Energy Source 2017 2022 2027 Coal 199 (58%) 249.3 (47%) 249.3 (38%) Gas 25 (7%) 29 (5%) 29 (5%) Other Zero Emissions 57 (17%) 80 (15%) 96.8 (15%) Renewals 60 (18%) 175 (33%) 275 (42%)

Source: Compiled by the authors with information from “In 10 Years, Renewal Sources Will Dominate Half of India’s Energy Capacity,” Business Standard, April 19, 2017, accessed March 23, 2018, www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/in-10-yrs-renewable-sources-will-dominate-half-of-india-s-energy-capacity-117041900200_1.html.

EXHIBIT 7: FAME INDIA SCHEME 2015

Component of the Scheme 2015–16 2016–17 Technology Platform (including testing infrastructure)

₹700 million (US$10.77 million) ₹1,200 million (US$18.46 million)

Demand Incentives ₹1,550 million (US$23.07 million) ₹3,400 million (US$52.29 million) Charging Infrastructure ₹100 million (US$1.54 million) ₹200 million (US$3.08 million) Pilot Projects ₹200 million (US$3.08 million) ₹500 million (US$7.69 million) IEC/Operations ₹50 million (US$0.77 million) ₹50 million (US$0.77 million) Total ₹2,600 million (US$39.99 million) ₹5,350 million (US$82.28 million) Grand Total ₹7,950 million (US$122.27)

Note: ₹ = INR = Indian rupee; US$1 = ₹64.8 on April 30, 2017; IEC = Source: National Automotive Board, FAME—India [Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of (Hybrid &) Electric Vehicles in India], Government of India, Ministry of Heavy Industry & Public Enterprises, April 27, 2015, accessed March 22, 2018, http://dhi.nic.in/writereaddata/UploadFile/Fame_India_Revised_270415.pdf.

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ENDNOTES

1 This case has been written on the basis of published sources only. Consequently, the interpretation and perspectives presented in this case are not necessarily those of Maruti Suzuki India Ltd. or any of its employees. 2 PTI, “India Aiming for All Electric Car Fleet by 2030, Petrol and Diesel to Be Tanked,” The Times of India, April 30, 2017, accessed October 25, 2017, https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/auto/miscellaneous/india-hungary-help-suzuki-clock-best-ever-overseas-production/articleshow/58430923.cms. 3 Prateek Shukla, “Niti Aayog Pushes India to Become an All EV Nation by 2030,” Business World, May 9, 2017, accessed October 26, 2017, http://businessworld.in/article/NITI-Aayog-Pushes-India-To-Become-An-All-EV-Nation-By-2030/09-05-2017-117852/.4 Pankaj Dovell, “Pertrol, Diesel Cars to Face Music: Gadkari,” The Times of India, September 8, 2017, accessed September 21, 2017, https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/auto/miscellaneous/petrol-diesel-cars-to-face-music-gadkari/articleshow/60417010.cms.5 Ibid. 6 Amrit Raj, “Maruti Suzuki CEO Questions Govt’s Ambitious Electric Vehicle Plans,” Livemint, May 17, 2017, accessed September 20, 2017, www.livemint.com/Companies/IYWUeA1vfGZLL9gQq3yBdP/Maruti-Suzuki-CEO-Not-possible-to-shift-to-electric-cars-im.html. 7 Vatsala Gaur, “Mahindra Shows It’s Keen to Head E-vehicles Race,” The Economics Times, May 25, 2017, accessed September 19, 2017, http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/auto/news/passenger-vehicle/cars/mahindra-to-build-long-range-electric-vehicles/articleshow/58825580.cms. 8 “Maruti Suzuki India Ltd.,” Business Standard, accessed December 12, 2012, www.business-standard.com/company/maruti-suzuki-5496/information/company-history.9 “Maruti Suzuki India Ltd.,” FundsIndia 1, no. 4, March 13, 2015, accessed December 12, 2017, https://blog.fundsindia.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Research-Report-Maruti-Suzuki-India-Ltd.pdf. 10 “About Us,” Maruti Suzuki, accessed December 12, 2017, https://www.marutisuzuki.com/corporate/about-us. 11 “CSR,” Maruti Suzuki, accessed December 12, 2017, https://www.marutisuzuki.com/corporate/about-us/csr. 12 Ibid. 13 “Maruti Suzuki India Ltd.,” Business Standard, op. cit. 14 ₹ = INR = Indian rupee; US$1 = ₹64.8 on April 30, 2017.15 “Maruti Suzuki Cars,” CarWale, accessed March 25, 2018, https://www.carwale.com/marutisuzuki-cars/. 16 “About Maruti Insurance,” Maruti Insurance, accessed December 12, 2012, https://www.marutiinsurance.com//About-Maruti-Insurance.aspx. 17 PTI, “Maruti Suzuki Tops JD Power Customer Satisfaction Survey,” The Hindu, October 30, 2015, accessed October 25, 2017, www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/maruti-suzuki-tops-jd-power-customer-satisfaction-survey/article7822599.ece. 18 “The Mahindra Group,” Mahindra Rise, accessed November 6, 2017, www.mahindra.com/resources/pdf/about-us/Mahindra-Group-Profile-06-03-2016.pdf. 19 “About Us,” Mahindra Rise, accessed November 6, 2017, www.mahindra.com/about-us. 20 Pankaj Doval, “Mahindra and Mahindra Lines Up Mega Expansion in Electric Vehicles,” The Economics Times, May 27, 2017, accessed May 19, 2017, http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/auto/news/passenger-vehicle/cars/mahindra-and-mahindra-lines-up-mega-expansion-in-electric-vehicles/articleshow/58801814.cms. 21 Vatsala Gaur, op. cit.22 Ibid. 23 Abhishek Sakxena, “India Is Finally Moving towards an Electric Car Future,” India Times, September 15, 2017, accessed September 20, 2017, www.indiatimes.com/news/india/india-is-finally-moving-towards-an-electric-car-future-329811.html. 24 Ibid. 25 Vatsala Gaur, op. cit.26 Ibid. 27 N. Madhavan, “Shift to Electric Vehicles in India by 2030 Desirable, Feasible: Anand Mahindra,” Forbes India, July 16, 2017, accessed September 22, 2017, www.forbesindia.com/article/special/shift-to-electric-vehicles-in-india-by-2030-desirable-feasible-anand-mahindra/47573/1. 28 Abhishek Saksena, op. cit. 29 “Leaf,” Nissan Motor Corporation, accessed October 28, 2017, www.nissan-global.com/EN/NISSAN/LEAF/. 30 Associated Press, “Nissan Leaf Runs Equivalent of 99 Miles per Gallon,” Fox News, November 22, 2010, accessed October 28, 2017, www.foxnews.com/us/2010/11/22/nissan-leaf-runs-equivalent-miles-gallon.html. 31 Arjit Garg, “New 2018 Nissan Leaf Launched, All You Need to Know,” News18 India, September 6, 2017, accessed October 28, 2017, www.news18.com/news/auto/new-2018-nissan-leaf-launched-all-you-need-to-know-1510455.html. 32 Alex Oagana, “2015 Roadster 3.0,” Top Speed Cars, December 30, 2014, accessed October 28, 2017, https://www.topspeed.com/cars/tesla/2015-tesla-roadster-30-ar166846.html.33 Calif Hawthorne, “2011 Tesla Model S Concept Tech Deep Drive 300-Mile Range, Seven-Seat EV for Mass Market?,” Popular Mechanics, October 30, 2009, accessed October 28, 2017, www.popularmechanics.com/cars/a12844/4310750. 34 Aaron Robinson, “2012 Tesla Model S Sedan,” Car and Driver, March 2009, accessed October 28, 2017, https://www.caranddriver.com/news/2012-tesla-model-s-sedan-official-photos-and-info. 35 Rich McCormick, “Watch Elon Musk Launch Tesla’s Model X,” The Verge, September 30, 2015, accessed October 28, 2017, https://www.theverge.com/2015/9/30/9422095/watch-the-tesla-model-x-launch-in-full.

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36 Andrew Hard, “Tesla Model 3: Performance, Specs, and News,” Digital Trends, October 8, 2017, accessed October 28, 2017, https://www.digitaltrends.com/cars/tesla-model-3-performance-specs-news-rumors.37 “Best Electric Cars on Sale 2017,” Auto Express, July 3, 2017, accessed October 28, 2017, www.autoexpress.co.uk/best-cars/86169/best-electric-cars-on-sale-2017. 38 Amrit Raj, “What India Needs to Do to Give Electric Vehicles a Push?,” Livemint, September 12, 2017, accessed September 20, 2017, www.livemint.com/Opinion/a4zzjOdvb43uEO7iHARu6I/What-India-needs-to-do-to-give-electric-vehicles-a-push.html. 39 Luke John Smith, “Electric Cars Explained: What’s the Difference between a Hybrid, Plug-in Hybrid and EV?,” Express, August 16, 2017, accessed October 2, 2017, www.express.co.uk/life-style/cars/841465/electric-cars-UK-hybrid-explained-plug-in-EV. 40 “Global EV Outlook 2017,” OECD/IEA 2017, accessed October 12, 2017, www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/ publication/GlobalEVOutlook2017.pdf. 41 Ibid. 42 Amrit Raj, op. cit. 43 “Compare Mahindra eVerito and Mahindra e2o,” Car Dekho, accessed March 21, 2018, https://www.cardekho.com/ compare/mahindra-e-verito-and-mahindra-e2o-plus.htm. 44 “Electric Cars in India: Present, Problems and Future,” The Hans India, September 13, 2017, accessed October 25, 2017, www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Auto-/2017-09-13/Electric-Cars-In-India-Present-Problems-And-Future/326291.45 Amrit Raj, op. cit. 46 Abhishek Sakxena, op. cit. 47 “Analysis of the Electric Vehicle Industry,” International Economic Development Council, 2013, accessed November 6, 2017, https://www.iedconline.org/clientuploads/Downloads/edrp/IEDC_Electric_Vehicle_Industry.pdf. 48 Sandeep Khanna, “Electric Vehicles, a Worthy Challenge for Indian Entrepreneurs,” Livemint, April 19, 2017, accessed December 13, 2017, www.livemint.com/Opinion/qscDgUPHpOXx0l9ihwtQ6J/Electric-vehicles-a-worthy-challenge-for-Indian-entrepreneu.html. 49 Tim Wogan, “Super-fast Charging Aluminum Batteries to Take on Lithium,” Chemistry World, April 7, 2015, accessed October 28, 2017, www.chemistryworld.com/news/super-fast-charging-aluminium-batteries-ready-to-take-on-lithium/8427.article.50 Dipanwita Gupta, “Top Five Countries with Highest Bauxite Reserves in the World,” AlCircle, December 17, 2016, accessed December 13, 2017, www.alcircle.com/news/bauxite/detail/26587/top-five-countries-with-highest-bauxite-reserves-in-the-world. 51 “Electric Cars in India: Present, Problems and Future,” op. cit. 52 PTI, “India Auto Inc. Can Generate 6.5 Cr New Jobs by 2026: Kenichi Ayukawa, Maruti Suzuki,” The Economic Times, November 16, 2016, accessed December 13, 2017, https://auto.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/industry/indian-auto-inc-can-generate-6-5cr-new-jobs-by-2026-kenichi-ayukawa-maruti-suzuki/55458519.53 Azman Usmani, “India’s Trade Deficit near Three Year High as Exports Fall,” Bloomberg, November 14, 2017, accessed December 13, 2017, https://www.bloombergquint.com/business/2017/11/14/indias-trade-deficit-near-three-year-high-as-exports-fall.54 Tamil Nadu, “Electric Vehicles Are the Future of Transportation,” The Hindu, August 28, 2017, accessed April 28, 2018, www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/electric-vehicles-are-the-future-of-transportation/article19574026.ece. 55 Press Information Bureau, “National Electric Mobility Mission Plan,” Government of India, Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises, March 10, 2015, accessed March 22, 2018, http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=116719.56 Ibid. 57 Baishali Adak, “Green Court Bans Diesel Vehicles in Delhi,” Business Today, December 12, 2015, accessed October 26, 2017, www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/green-court-bans-diesel-vehicles-in-delhi/story/227059.html. 58 “India’s GST in Effect as of 1 July 2017,” Ernst & Young, July 6, 2017, accessed October 25, 2017, www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssets/Indias_GST_is_in_effect_as_of_1_July_2017/$FILE/2017G_04156-171Gbl_Indirect_ Indias%20GST%20is%20in%20effect%20as%20of%201%20July%202017.pdf; Gireesh Chandra Prasad and Amrit Raj, “GST Cess on Luxury Cars, SUVs Set to Rise as Govt Approves Ordinance,” Livemint, August 30, 2017, accessed October 25, 2017, www.livemint.com/Industry/63yjnf98tawbyIbENck1XM/Luxury-cars-SUVs-to-get-more-expensive-as-Union-cabinet-app.html.59 Pankaj Dovell, op. cit. 60 Vatsala Gaur, op. cit.61 “Electric Cars in India: Present, Problems and Future,” op. cit. 62 Ajay Modi, “Suzuki Led-JV to Invest Rs 1,200 Crore in Making Green Car Batteries in India,” Business Standard, April 15, 2017, accessed November 7, 2017, www.business-standard.com/article/companies/suzuki-led-jv-to-invest-rs-1-200-cr-in-making-green-car-batteries-in-india-117041400529_1.html.63 Prateek Shukla, “The World’s Biggest Automaker Is Coming to India,” CNN Money, March 10, 2017, accessed October 26, 2017, http://money.cnn.com/2017/03/10/news/volkswagen-tata-motors-india-cars/index.html. 64 Alnoor Peermohamed, “Tesla Plans Electric Car Factory in India,” Business Standard, June 16, 2017, accessed October 2017, www.business-standard.com/article/companies/tesla-in-talks-with-india-for-temporary-relief-on-importing-high-end-electric-cars-117061500259_1.html. 65 “Mahindra Is Planning for an Electric XUV Aero 500 to Be Launched Soon,” Financial Express, May 25, 2017, accessed October 29, 2017, www.financialexpress.com/auto/car-news/mahindra-is-planning-for-an-electric-xuv-aero-500-to-be-launched-soon/684823/.66 Agencies, “Electric Cars in India: Present, Problems and Future,” ABP Live, September 8, 2017, accessed October 29, 2017, www.abplive.in/auto/electric-cars-in-india-present-problems-and-future-577717.

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SHOULD MARUTI SUZUKI INVEST IN ELECTRIC CARS?1

MARUTI SUZUKI: A LEADER IN THE PASSENGER CAR SEGMENT

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MAHINDRA AND MAHINDRA TO HEAD ELECTRIC VEHICLES RACE

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ELECTRIC CARS: GLOBAL SCENARIO

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ELECRIC CAR SCENARIO IN INDIA

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CONSTRAINS IN BOOSTING DEMAND

AUTOMOBILE POLICY IN INDIA

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INVESTMENT IN E-CARS AND COMPONENTS IN INDIA BY MULTINATIONAL COMPANIES

SHIFTING FROM FOSSIL FUEL CARS TO E-CARS

Veena Keshav Pailwar is a faculty member at the Institute of Management Technology, Nagpur, India.

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EXHIBIT 1: INDIAN ROAD CONDITION AND DRIVING HABITS

EXHIBIT 2: MARKET SHARE OF AUTOMOBILE COMPANIES IN 2015–16

Passenger Cars and Vans Medium and Heavy Commercial Vehicles Rank Company Share Rank Company Share

1 Maruti Suzuki India Ltd. 40.48 1 Tata Motors Ltd. 51.85 2 Hyundai Motor India Ltd. 23.70 2 Ashok Leyland Ltd. 21.60

3 Honda Cars India Ltd. 10.20 3 Renault Nissan Automotive India

Pvt. Ltd. 12.33

4 Ford India Pvt. Ltd. 7.89 4 VE Commercial Vehicles Ltd. 6.36

5 Volkswagen India Pvt. Ltd. 5.16 5 Daimler India Commercial

Vehicles Pvt. Ltd. 4.23

6 Skoda Auto India Pvt. Ltd. 3.50 6 Mahindra Vehicle Mfrs. Ltd. 1.29

7 Mercedes-Benz India Pvt.

Ltd. 3.22 7 Man Trucks India Pvt. Ltd. 0.77

8 Fiat India Automobiles Pvt.

Ltd. 2.10 8 Komatsu India Pvt. Ltd. 0.48

9 BMW India Pvt. Ltd. 1.60 9 Scania Commercial Vehicles

India Pvt. Ltd. 0.44

10 General Motors India Pvt.

Ltd. 1.54 10 A M W Motors Ltd. 0.15

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EXHIBIT 3: THREE MOST IMPORTANT FISCAL INCENTIVES FOR ELECTRIC CARS IN WESTERN EUROPE IN 2017

Country Purchase Grant (One Time)

Ownership Tax (Annual)

Company Car Tax (Annual)

Belgium €4,000 (US$4,949) Grant

No Tax at All

120% Deductible

France Up to €10,000 (US$12,372)

Grant

50% or 100% Discount

No Tax at All

United Kingdom £4,500 ($11,345) Grant

No Tax at All

Germany €4,000 (US$4,949) Grant

No tax at All

Up to €8,000 (US$9,897)

Discount Norway No Value Added Tax NOK 455

Instead of NOK 2.820* 50%

Discount The Netherlands No Purchase No Tax at All 4%

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For the exclusive use of d. sansoni, 2023.

This document is authorized for use only by dorothy sansoni in EC 5500 Managerial Economics 8 Weeks taught by Jules Yimga, Embry Riddle Aeronautical University from Apr 2023 to Jun 2023.

Page 10 9B18M092

EXHIBIT 5: COMPARISON OF CONVENTIONAL CARS, ELECTRIC CARS, AND HYBRID CARS

Conventional Cars

Electric Cars

Hybrid Cars

For the exclusive use of d. sansoni, 2023.

This document is authorized for use only by dorothy sansoni in EC 5500 Managerial Economics 8 Weeks taught by Jules Yimga, Embry Riddle Aeronautical University from Apr 2023 to Jun 2023.

Page 11 9B18M092

EXHIBIT 6: INDIA’S TARGETED ENERGY CAPACITY MIX (IN GIGAWATTS)

Energy Source 2017 2022 2027 Coal 199 (58%) 249.3 (47%) 249.3 (38%) Gas 25 (7%) 29 (5%) 29 (5%) Other Zero Emissions 57 (17%) 80 (15%) 96.8 (15%) Renewals 60 (18%) 175 (33%) 275 (42%)

EXHIBIT 7: FAME INDIA SCHEME 2015

Component of the Scheme 2015–16 2016–17 Technology Platform (including testing infrastructure)

₹700 million (US$10.77 million) ₹1,200 million (US$18.46 million)

For the exclusive use of d. sansoni, 2023.

This document is authorized for use only by dorothy sansoni in EC 5500 Managerial Economics 8 Weeks taught by Jules Yimga, Embry Riddle Aeronautical University from Apr 2023 to Jun 2023.

Page 12 9B18M092

ENDNOTES

For the exclusive use of d. sansoni, 2023.

This document is authorized for use only by dorothy sansoni in EC 5500 Managerial Economics 8 Weeks taught by Jules Yimga, Embry Riddle Aeronautical University from Apr 2023 to Jun 2023.

Page 13 9B18M092

For the exclusive use of d. sansoni, 2023.

This document is authorized for use only by dorothy sansoni in EC 5500 Managerial Economics 8 Weeks taught by Jules Yimga, Embry Riddle Aeronautical University from Apr 2023 to Jun 2023.

Mini Lit WK 5

Posted on June 19, 2023 | by

Research this week’s discussion topic, “Leveraging Artificial Intelligence for competitive advantage.” You will write a Mini Lit Review using at least four quality articles on the topic for this week. Your Mini Lit Review must include the following:

An introduction that states your thesis and communicates the organization of the mini-lit review
An analysis of the topics, concepts, and theories central to your topic
A discussion of the themes, debates, or gaps in the literature
An analysis of how the articles apply to the current issue, including a critical evaluation of the premise, methodology, contributions, and limitations of each source
A conclusion that summarizes the key points, discusses the implications and ensures that your readers understand the key takeaways from your review
Full bibliographic information (in APA format)

The body of each week’s mini lit review should be 4-6 pages in length (in APA format, double-spaced, 12 pt font).

Week 8 – Harvard Business Case Write-up # 2 (ECO550 Managerial Economics)

Posted on June 19, 2023 | by

Week 8 – Harvard Business Case Write-up # 2

Due Friday by 11:59pm

Please Read Harvard Business Case – Should Maruti Suzuki Invest in Electric Cars? available at

and answer the questions below in detail:

1) Why does the Indian government want to phase out fossil fuel cars and replace them with e-cars? Why is Maruti reluctant to immediately forge ahead in the e-car segment?

2) Conduct a SWOT analysis of Maruti in the e-car segment. Based on the SWOT analysis, should Maruti enter the e-car market or wait?

3) Based on the current business and economic environment in India, should Maruti enter the e-car segment? Use game theory approach to answer this question. Identify the players, their strategies, and the appropriate game theory format to represent the conflicting situation. Provide appropriate justification and use your own payoffs for each strategy option selected by the players.

4) If Maruti decides to enter the e-car market, what should be its mode of entry?

5) What would be an appropriate time for Maruti to enter the e-car market?

6) What should the Indian government do to promote the e-car market?

7) Why are e-cars considered a disruptive technology? Should the Indian government be part of the disruptive technology, considering that the country has already invested huge amounts of money in conventional cars and oil refineries? What are the benefits of this approach and what is at stake?

All papers must be between 8 to 10 pages long with proper APA format. In addition, students must use between 5 to 8 scholarly resources to answer the questions above.

Week 8 – Harvard Business Case Write-up # 2 (ECO550 Managerial Economics)

Posted on June 19, 2023 | by

Week 8 – Harvard Business Case Write-up # 2

Due Friday by 11:59pm

Please Read Harvard Business Case – Should Maruti Suzuki Invest in Electric Cars? available at

and answer the questions below in detail:

1) Why does the Indian government want to phase out fossil fuel cars and replace them with e-cars? Why is Maruti reluctant to immediately forge ahead in the e-car segment?

2) Conduct a SWOT analysis of Maruti in the e-car segment. Based on the SWOT analysis, should Maruti enter the e-car market or wait?

4) If Maruti decides to enter the e-car market, what should be its mode of entry?

5) What would be an appropriate time for Maruti to enter the e-car market?

6) What should the Indian government do to promote the e-car market?

All papers must be between 8 to 10 pages long with proper APA format. In addition, students must use between 5 to 8 scholarly resources to answer the questions above.

Mini Lit WK 5

Posted on June 19, 2023 | by

An introduction that states your thesis and communicates the organization of the mini-lit review
An analysis of the topics, concepts, and theories central to your topic
A discussion of the themes, debates, or gaps in the literature
An analysis of how the articles apply to the current issue, including a critical evaluation of the premise, methodology, contributions, and limitations of each source
A conclusion that summarizes the key points, discusses the implications and ensures that your readers understand the key takeaways from your review
Full bibliographic information (in APA format)

The body of each week’s mini lit review should be 4-6 pages in length (in APA format, double-spaced, 12 pt font).

EdDPROSPECTUSFORMMARKEDFORFINALSUBMISSION.docx

Posted on June 19, 2023 | by

EDD Prospectus FormComment by Researcher: Complete the areas marked with a comment box.

Students | Complete your using this form. Write using a scholarly tone and include in-text citations and APA 7 reference entries, where appropriate. Note that the areas shaded in green provide directions to help you complete the form. Your responses should be inserted in the white areas. The stem sentence prompts should not be altered or removed as this helps you to write a grammatically correct problem and purpose statements. Words noted with an asterisk * can be clicked on to view additional resources. You will find the appropriate rubric standards mentioned several times as you must meet all rubric standards to pass the prospectus milestone.

For additional resources, refer to the * and the Walden * webpage. Submit this completed form into * for formal evaluation and feedback when your committee chair indicates that you are ready to do so.Comment by Researcher: Fill in all front-end material here. Then address each of the items marked by a comment box below.

Student’s Name | Replace this text with your name. Student ID | Replace this text with your ID.

Study Type | Click to choose a study type. Study Approach | Click to choose an approach.

Will the data be collected within a local setting? | Click here to choose a response. If yes, review the , including the “ red flag” section.

* related to the general area you want to investigate. Provide approximately 15 brief summaries of recent ( within the past 5 years), scholarly ( *) articles that support/justify/informs your current and relevant problem from your discipline or professional field and/or local setting. Dissertations and other capstones are not peer-reviewed sources. Include the complete APA 7 reference entry followed by (a) an in-text citation; (b) what was studied; (c) what was found; and (d) why this research is important in relation to your study. This evidence provides the justification for your research problem.

Replace this text with your response.

Rubric Standard | Justified > Is evidence presented that this problem is significant to the discipline and/or professional field, and local site if applicable? The prospectus should provide relevant statistics and evidence and other scholarly facts that point to the significance and urgency of the problem.

Research Problem* (Click on this title to be linked to more information) Comment by Researcher: Research Problem

Now that you have read and summarized some of the recent literature to understand your problem, in one sentence what is your ? * Please remember that for a project study your problem must relate to a meaningful * in practice. A dissertation must relate to a meaningful gap in the research about a practice.

The problem that will be addressed through this study is… Replace this text with your response.

Please provide three pieces of evidence below to show that the problem is meaningful to the discipline and research literature. If the study is a project study or a dissertation that uses a local setting as the data collection site, evidence must also be included to justify the use of the local setting. For a dissertation not using a local site, at least three pieces of evidence from the research literature must be presented.Comment by Researcher: Evidence of the Problem

Replace this text with your response.

Rubric Standard #3 | Justified > Is evidence presented that this problem is significant to the discipline and/or professional field, and local site if applicable? The prospectus should provide relevant statistics and evidence and other scholarly facts that point to the significance and urgency of the problem.

to your problem statement.

The purpose of this Click to choose an approach. study is to Replace this text with your response.

The theory(ies) and/or concept(s) that support this study include Replace this text with your response.

How do these theory(ies) and/or concept(s) inform your research problem, purpose, and methodological decisions? Comment by Researcher: Explain how framework informs your study

The logical connections between the framework presented and my study…. Replace this text with your response.

Rubric Standard #4 | Grounded > Is the problem framed to enable the researcher to either build upon or counter the previously published findings on the topic? For most fields, grounding involves articulating the problem within the context of a theoretical or conceptual framework.

Replace this text with your response.

Rubric Standard #8 | Aligned > Do the various aspects of the research plan align? To ensure a solid foundation is built at the prospectus stage, alignment is needed among all study elements including the problem and purpose statements, evidence, framework, research questions, and methodology.

Research Methodology and Design * (Click on this title to be linked to more information)

What systematic approach (qualitative, quantitative, or mixed method) and research design (basic qualitative, case study, quasi-experimental, correlational, etc.…) do you plan to use to address your research question(s)? Please note a mixed method study requires competency in both qualitative and quantitative methodology as well as how to combine these into a mixed method design. Please discuss with your committee if a mixed method approach is the best option and remember that you can continue any additional research after graduation. In the space below, justify your choice of approach and design, with citations from the literature, and discuss how your methodology aligns to your problem, purpose, and research questions.

Replace this text with your response.

For your planned research design, discuss the type of data you intend to collect and how you plan to collect the data (i.e. secondary databases such IPEDs, self-designed interview protocol, online survey initially published by Pearson, interviews of teachers, etc.…). Briefly summarize the setting of your data collection, such as “planning semistructured interviews with approximately 10 to 12 fourth grade teachers from three school districts that have a total of 103 fourth grade teachers”. Comment by Researcher: Data and potential participants

For my planned research design, I will use the following data sources Replace this text with your response.

* to review the most common IRB issues and how to schedule an appointment with an IRB member to discuss any concerns. If one of the barriers is to collect the data, then reconsider this study idea. Without data, you have no study. You cannot complete your program without a study. Comment by Researcher: Limitations, Challenges, and Barriers

Replace this text with your response.

Rubric Standard #7 | Feasible > Can a systematic method of inquiry be used to address the problem? The tentative methodology demonstrates that the researcher has considered the options for inquiry, selected an approach that has the potential to address the problem, and considered risks and burdens placed on research participants.

This study is significant in that Replace this text with your response.

Rubric Standard #6 | Impact > Does this study have the potential to affect positive social change? As documented in the Significance section, the anticipated findings and project, if applicable, should have the potential to support the mission of Walden University to promote positive social change.

Rubric Standard #9| Objective > Is the topic approached in an objective manner? The framing of the problem should not reveal bias or present foregone conclusions.

Partner Site Masking Self-Check *

Walden capstones typically mask the identity of the partner organization. The methodological and ethical reasons for this practice as well as criteria for exceptions are outlined (link to posted guidance).

☐ Check here to confirm that you will mask the identity of the organization in the final capstone that you publish in ProQuest.

☐ Check here if you perceive that your partner organization’s identity would be impossible to mask or if there is a strong rationale for naming the organization in your capstone, please check this box so that your Program Director can review your request for an exception.

End of FormComment by Researcher: Stop Here!

Use the rubric below to check your work and the appendix to assist if questions arise.

Rubric

Student Self-Check: Revisions are part of the doctoral process but checking to ensure all requirements have been met can reduce the need for multiple revisions. Please review the rubric requirements in its entirety and check to ensure all have been fully met in your prospectus. If anything needs to be strengthened, make those revisions prior to submitting to Taskstream/MYDR for formal review.

*. The EDD is an applied degree so any study (project study or dissertation) should focus on a gap in practice . A PhD study can focus on a gap in the literature (i.e. something is not known), but for an EDD study the gap must be about practice specifically. The focus should be on a gap between what is currently happening and what stakeholders would want to happen. Therefore, do not write a problem statement stating “it is not known” or “there is a gap in the literature”.

For an EDD project study , the gap in practice is found within the local setting / research site. For this study type, evidence needs to be presented that the local setting currently has a relevant educational problem related to its practice and it needs to be solved. The researcher also needs to show this is a meaningful topic within their field/program specialization literature.

For an EDD dissertation , the gap in practice is found within the field/program specialization literature and these studies usually take two common forms. The first type is when the gap in practice is found within the literature and a local setting is used to examine this larger problem , usually as an example of the problem or an exemplar for best practices, i.e. the local setting exhibits best practices that can help to solve the larger problem. If a local setting is used to collect data for an EDD dissertation, the researcher will need to demonstrate the justification for choosing the local setting. The second type of EDD dissertation does not use a local setting to collect data. There is a gap in the literature about practice. In this case, the data may come from a state or national secondary database or teachers who may work across states but share some common experiences such that they can aid in solving the larger problem. In these cases, the researcher does not need to provide evidence or justification of a local problem as there is no local setting that will used for the study. Evidence will come from the literature in the field/program specialization.

* will be concise (aim for 15 words or fewer), signal the direction of the paper, and include the main variables or concepts of the study. The title is not a question and no colons. Below are a few examples. Consider reviewing studies from *. Note that words with four or more letters are capitalized.

Quantitative (QN) Example

Examining the Relationship Between Online Doctoral Students’ Use of Institutional Resources and Time to Degree Completion

Note:

· The word “relationship” indicates a quantitative study.

· The dependent variable is “time to degree completion” and needs to stay exactly the same throughout the document.

Qualitative (QL) Example

* and reading articles related to the general area you want to investigate. Identified research problems must be informed by the current research. This requires that you to read, synthesize, and evaluate many articles. As you read and learn, you will narrow your focus. This is how you will identify a discipline-specific research problem. You will want to focus on reading literature that is * and from * that are research related. Click here for *.

As you , you also need to organize your research. A is one way to help you visualize what has and hasn't been done in your field. It will help you understand the scholarly works related to your area of interest. The importance of organizing and recording your review of literature cannot be overstated. You will refer to your notes as you write, so start on the right track from the beginning!

[ Suggestion: If you keep your search log in an Excel workbook, use the second tab in the same workbook for your literature review matrix.]

For this prospectus form, include the complete APA reference entry and (a) an in-text citation; (b) what they studied; (c) what they found; and (d) why this is important in relation to your study. This evidence provides the justification for your research problem and shows this problem is meaningful to the field / program specialization. These references should primarily be from the past 5 years. Reference entries related to the framework should be included here, too. During proposal development, you will conduct an * review and * your sources, rather than summarize.

Example

Ismail, H. M., Majid, F. A., & Ismail, I. S. (2013). “It’s complicated” relationship: Research students’ perspective on doctoral supervision. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 90, 165–170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.07.078

(a) Ismail et. al (2013); (b) focused on the student experience with supervision while learning to conduct research; (c) found three issues of lack of positive communication, lack of expertise, and power conflicts; and (d) this is important in relation to my study because it may help explain critical elements needed for doctoral degree completion and reflect best practices for institutional supports.

As you work on your literature review and move to the proposal stage you will expand your search. Consider how you will determine your search terms or keywords and the databases you should search. Click *. As you conduct your search of the literature, stay organized by keeping a *.

Search Log Example
Database	Search Terms	Results	Notes
Education Source	online doctoral program completion; limited to peer reviewed, 2016-present	1175	Search too broad; Narrow by using multiple terms
ERIC	online doctoral program completion AND ABD; limited to peer reviewed, 2016-present	13	Much better; Several relevant articles found
Next Education Source	Etc.

As you *, you also need to organize your research. A * is one way to help you visualize what has and has not been done in your field. It will help you understand the scholarly works related to your area of interest. The importance of organizing and recording your review of literature cannot be overstated. You will refer to your notes as you write, so start on the right track from the beginning with your prospectus!

[Suggestion: If you keep your search log in an Excel workbook, use the second tab in the same workbook for your literature review matrix.]

Rubric Standard #3 | Justified> Is evidence presented that this problem is significant to the discipline and/or professional field, and local site if applicable? The prospectus should provide relevant statistics and evidence and other scholarly facts that point to the significance and urgency of the problem.

* is a focused topic of concern, a condition to be improved upon, or troubling question that is supported in scholarly literature or theory that you study to understand in more detail, and that can lead to recommendations for resolutions. It is the * that drives the rest of the study: the purpose, the research questions, and the methodology. Click * for additional resources. Keep the problem statement to one sentence.

Example (EDD Dissertation)

The problem to be addressed through this study is that nationally online doctoral students’ time to degree completion has increased over the last decade despite a federal initiative to fund colleges and universities’ efforts to provide additional resources.

Example (EDD Project Study)

The problem to be addressed through this study is that 60% of online doctoral students do not use the new research mentoring resources to assist with degree completion at Innovative College (IC, a pseudonym).

Rubric Standard #2| Meaningful > Has a meaningful problem related to practice been identified in the research literature, and local site if applicable? Addressing the stated problem should be the logical next step, building on what is already known, and staying within the student’s area of professional practice.

* to your problem statement. Again, keep the purpose statement to one sentence to ensure it is focused and concise.

QN Example (EDD Dissertation)

The purpose of this quantitative study is to investigate the difference in time to degree completion between students who attended colleges that received federal funding for additional resources and students who attended colleges that did not receive the funding.

QL Example (EDD Project Study)

The purpose of this qualitative study is to explore IC graduate students’ perceptions of their successes, challenges, and suggested improvements for the new research mentoring resources.

) * relevant to your topic. Align the framework with the problem, purpose, research questions, and background literature of your study. A conceptual framework grounds a qualitative study and a theoretical framework grounds a quantitative study. The theoretical or conceptual framework is the basis for understanding, designing, and analyzing ways to investigate your research problem. Provide the original scholarly literature (citing original authors) on the theory and/or concepts, even if it is more than 5 years old. Do not cite secondary sources.

Example Theoretical Framework

The theory(ies) and/or concept(s) that ground this study include Perry’s (1970) theory of epistemological development.

Example Conceptual Framework

The theory(ies) and/or concept(s) that ground this study include Perry’s (1970) theory of epistemological development, focusing specifically on the concepts of online learning and the pedagogical challenges associated with online learning and dissertation writing.

Next, explain how these theories and/or concepts relate to your research problem, purpose, and methodological decisions. Your topic/approach should align with the identified framework so that you will either build upon or counter the previously published findings on the topic.

Example Connection for the Theoretical Framework

The logical connections between the framework presented and my study approach include Perry’s theoretical work, which has been used extensively in all aspects of higher education, albeit more frequently with undergraduates than with doctoral students. Perry (1970) identified funding as a key construct underlying the theory.

Example Connection for the Conceptual Framework

The logical connections between the framework presented and my study approach include Perry’s theoretical work, which has been used extensively in all aspects of higher education, albeit more frequently with undergraduates than with doctoral students. Further, subsequent research and application of Perry’s theory offer guidance on ways to facilitate academic development, thus allowing for insight into the pedagogical challenge of degree completion.

Here is the Grounding Check – make sure you can answer “yes” to all these questions:

· Does your framework operationalize your topic?

· Does your framework guide the organization of the lit review?

· Does your framework align with your design?

· Do your RQs build from your framework?

· Does your framework guide your data collection and analysis?

Rubric Standard #4 | Grounded > Is the problem framed to enable the researcher to either build upon or counter the previously published findings on the topic? For most fields, grounding involves articulating the problem within the context of a theoretical or conceptual framework.

)* that are informed by the study purpose and will be used to address the research problem. A * provides a foundation for the approach and design.

QN Example (EDD Dissertation)

RQ: What is the difference in time to degree completion between students who attended colleges that received federal funding for additional resources and students who attended colleges that did not receive the funding?

H0: There is no statistically significant difference in time to degree completion between students who attended colleges that received federal funding for additional resources and students who attended colleges that did not receive the funding.

HA: There is a statistically significant difference in difference in time to degree completion between students who attended colleges that received federal funding for additional resources and students who attended colleges that did not receive the funding.

QL Example (EDD Project Study)

RQ1: What are IC graduate students’ perceptions of their successes using the new research mentoring resources?

RQ2: What are IC graduate students’ perceptions of their challenges using the new research mentoring resources?

RQ3: What are IC graduate students’ suggestions on improving the new research mentoring resources?

you will use to address your research question(s). Examples of common designs are as follows:

· Quantitative— correlational; causal-comparative; survey research using validated existing survey instruments; or other quantitative designs

· Qualitative—basic (generic) qualitative ; case studies; or other qualitative designs

QN Example (EDD Dissertation)

To address the research question, I will use a causal comparative design to compare time to degree completion between students who attended colleges that received federal funding for additional resources and students who attended colleges that did not receive the funding. I will retrieve secondary data and conduct a t test.

QL Example (EDD Project Study)

To address the research questions in this qualitative study, I will use a basic qualitative design (Patton, 2015) using semistructured interviews with approximately 10 to 12 online doctoral students from IC.

Note that the above examples already include the possible data collection sources. At this point, you should have an idea of the type of data and the number of data sets needed to address your research question(s). Explain whether you will be collecting primary data (collected by you, the researcher) or accessing secondary data (preexisting or public data collected by others). Please be aware that doctoral students often experience 10% response rates, meaning that you need to design your study in a way that you can ask 100 online doctoral students in the hope that 10 volunteer. In quantitative studies, you need even more data to conduct inferential statistics.

If you are collecting data, you should present the source of the instrument(s) and source and number of potential participants. If using secondary data, identify the data source and how the data will be accessed. Possible *, by program, are available on the Center for Research Quality website. [ Note. This is your tentative plan, so keep in mind that things might need to be modified during the proposal stage—particularly after you have completed your exhaustive review of the literature.]

QN Example (EDD Dissertation)

For my planned research design, I will access a list of colleges and universities that received federal funding using the NCES databases. I will use the same NCES database to develop a comparison group of colleges and universities that did not receive funding. As the funding started in 2013, I will access the time to degree completion of these institutions using the IPEDS database from the year 2014 to the most recent year available.

Independent Variable: Students attend institutions with federal funding – yes/no

Dependent Variable: Time to Degree Completion

Analysis: t test

Data Needed: 64 per group

QL Example (EDD Project Study)

For my planned research design, I will need to recruit online doctoral students for individual interviews at IC. A self-designed interview protocol will be developed to address the problem and purpose of the study. I will attend the to learn about the procedures to contact IC and possible incentives I can offer for participants, such as a $25 gift card. My initial goal will be to recruit 10 participants but increase this number if data saturation is not yet achieved (Fusch & Ness, 2015).

Finally, provide information on limitations, challenges, and/or barriers that may need to be addressed when conducting this study. These may include access to participants, access to data, separation of roles (researcher versus employee), instrumentation fees, etc. If you are thinking about collecting data at your place of work, are in a supervisory position, or on a sensitive topic, or from a vulnerable population, an early consultation with the Institutional Review Board (IRB; [email protected]) during your prospectus process is recommended to gain ethics guidance that you can incorporate into your subsequent proposal drafts and research planning. [ Note. Find more information on research ethics and potential “red flag” issues in the . *]

QN Example

A potential barrier when using secondary data provided by various colleges and universities is that institutions may vary in how they report their data, causing issues when comparing data across institutions. It will be important to examine the IPEDS codebook to ensure any anomalies are identified and addressed.

QL Example

A potential barrier when collecting primary data that includes interviews is that it may be difficult to recruit enough online doctoral students at IC to meet saturation. This may be particularly difficult given these are online doctoral students so may be very busy and hard to reach electronically. It would be useful to attend one of the * on how to increase research participation.

Rubric Standard #7 | Feasible > Can a systematic method of inquiry be used to address the problem? The tentative methodology demonstrates that the researcher has considered the options for inquiry, selected an approach that has the potential to address the problem, and considered risks and burdens placed on research participants.

Week8CaseAnalysisMKT6250HealthcareMarketing.docx

Posted on June 19, 2023 | by

Week 8 Case Analysis (MKT6250 Healthcare Marketing)

· Due Friday by 11:59pm

Read the attached case, the textbook chapters, and watch the videos to be able to analyze the case.

The issue presented in this case is a serious and difficult issue from a religious, moral and health care perspective. There are significant wait times for organs in several important areas to maintain bodily functions for people in the U.S. In addition to the established procedures that have been used to harvest organs, sadly there has been a black market that has also occurred for organ harvesting. Within the medical profession some have questioned whether individuals should be paid to donate and whether this might, with appropriate regulations, lead to greater pools for donated organs and the reduction of wait times in needed areas. The challenge then is to determine some of the ethical perspectives around this issue.

Discuss both the pros and cons of "pay-for-parts".

Instructions:

The Case Analysis must follow the following guidelines:

1. You must give a quality analysis of the case based on the key terms showing mastery, using clear logic, and supporting facts. Also, the analysis must directly address the case using chapter readings and research.

2. Case Analyses test the understanding of key elements of Healthcare Marketing, therefore, they must be thoroughly addressed.

3. You must use citations with references to document information obtained from sources. The key elements and concepts of Healthcare Marketing are found in the sources listed in the syllabus (it is your duty to search for them, read, analyze, evaluate, summarize, paraphrase in your answers, and cite the authors who wrote the articles, books, term papers, memoirs, studies, etc. What it means is that you will have not less than 5 references from the listed sources.

4. Grammatically correct paper, no typos, and must have obviously been proofread for logic.

5. Avoid direct quotes, you must paraphrase and cite. If you direct quote (two words or three words, mission statements, phrases, etc.) you must include in your citation parenthesis page number or paragraph number. When you direct quote Brand taglines, you must include the Brand name in the citation parenthesis.

6. Key terms or Questions must be typed out as headings, with follow-up analysis or answers in paragraph format, and a summary or conclusion at the end of the paper.

The Case Analysis must be in APA format

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Study Problem and Purpose Provide one sentence for each. They must align with all RQ rows.	Research Questions List each research question (RQ) in a separate row below. Add or delete rows, as needed.	Data Collection Tools List which instrument(s) are used to collect the data that will address each RQ.	Datapoints Yielded List which specific questions/variables/scales of the instrument will address each RQ.	Data Source List which persons/artifacts/records will provide the data.	Data Analysis Briefly describe the specific statistical or qualitative analyses that will address each RQ.
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9781284200171_CASE_ShouldThereBetheMarketingofBodyParts.pdf

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Essentials of Health Care Marketing, Fifth EditionEric N. Berkowitz

The Ethics of Donor TransplantsEach year in the United States, there is a significant wait list for donors for heart, liver, and kidney transplants. Many states have allowed individuals to indicate whether they would be willing donors should it be necessary if they were in a tragic automobile accident, and thus have such an indication for donation identified on their driver’s license. In fact, in some countries, research has indicated whether it is best to ask for individuals for such a donation or indicate the person is a donor unless they want to deny consent as a way to increase the donor pool of available eligible transplants. The table below lists the wait time for some of the major transplant body parts in the U.S.

Body Part Wait time in the U.S. Source

Kidney 5 years https://www.kidneyfund.org/kidney-disease/kidney-failure/treatment-of-kidney-failure /kidney-transplant/transplant-waitlist/

Heart 1.9 to 2.6 months of patients with greatest severity

Goldstein BA, Thomas L, Zaroff JG, Nguyen J, Menza R, Khush KK. Assessment of Heart Transplant Waitlist Time and Pre- and Post-transplant Failure: A Mixed Methods Approach. Epidemiology. 2016;27(4):469–476. doi:10.1097/EDE.0000000000000472

Liver 321 days https://columbiasurgery.org/liver/liver-transplant-waiting-list

This issue is a complex, religious, ethical, and moral question for many people. However, for those in need of a body part, it is a life- saving question. In the United States, the selling of a body part has been illegal for decades. However, body parts are available through rather unsavory sources in many overseas countries. That said, the deceased Pope John II had noted that the selling of any body part was a “vio-lation of the dignity of the human person.” In a 2005 meeting of the American Transplantation Congress, a surgeon noting the rapid rise in wait time had actually proposed to the Congress a regulated system of live kidney donor sales. This system would contain regulatory and insurance incentives to safeguard the potential exploitation and ethical concerns along with careful donor medical and psychosocial evalua-tions, a fixed tax-free payment to the donor, and an option of short- or long-term health and life insurance. The transplant surgeon equated this approach to the same situation that was occurring with the uterine rental by surrogate mothers that was legal within the United States.1

In 2015, more than 123,000 individuals were waiting for a transplant involving some body part. Forbes magazine actually had an article entitled “Let people sell their organs,” which ran in December of that same year. The article noted that on the black market, a kidney can sell for almost $160,000.2 Finally, in a short article that appeared in the Journal of Medical Ethics, two authors observed that there is an actual hypocrisy in the argument against the selling of body parts from live donors as opposed to harvesting organs from cadavers. Everyone involved in the transplant process receives a benefit—the surgeons and assist team are all compensated for being involved in the important process. Most importantly, the recipient of the transplant receives the greatest benefit of all, the organ. However, the donor gets no benefit (although one of course can say there is a psychological benefit of giving someone a valued organ). There are often many fine stories of a person meeting a grateful recipient after the fact. (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zpiZHs5ZPWo) These authors called on a strictly regulated market but also highlighted the more positive benefits of live organ donors for outcomes.3

Recently, the head of the transplant team has asked you to develop a proposal to actually present to the health system that will propose a major new initiative to the Transplant Society in Nephrology on again revisiting this issue as the wait time for transplants has increased for pediatric patients as well as for adults. In doing so, he suggests as a first step, you should prepare slides for a full discussion to the annual medical meeting. She has asked that you address the pros and cons of this issue, as you and she are aware the health system’s medical ethicist is a serious and helpful person. In addition to outlining your slides, suggest how you might plan your strategy to present this pro-posal to the health system as well as moving forward to approaching the legislature and publicly, given the emotional nature of this issue.

1 Eli A. Friedman, “Stressful ethical issues in uremia therapy”, Long Island College Hospital Conference, “May 30, 2008), Brooklyn, New York2 Abigail Hall, : Let People Sell Their Organs,” Forbes (December 14, 2015), https://www.forbes.com/sites/realspin/2015/12/14/sell-organs/#3d24

fb4126e43 Charles A. Erin and James Harris, “An ethical market in human organs,” Journal of Medical Ethics (2009), Vol. 29, pp. 139-140

Should There Be the Marketing of Body Parts?CASE STUDY