Category: Biology
Blood Typing Activity
When an individual is in need of a blood transfusion, it is important that the blood given is compatible with the recipient’s blood type. If the donated blood is incompatible, the recipient’s immune system will reject the donated blood as foreign, causing the RBC (Red Blood Cells) to clump together (Agglutinate) which marks them for destruction by macrophages. The danger is that agglutinated blood will clog small vessels which starves the associated tissue of resources. This is a potentially lethal situation.
Determining whether blood types are compatible depends on the type of molecules on the surface of the donated blood (called antigens) and whether the recipient has antibodies that will bind to the antigens on the donated blood. Antibodies are immune proteins within the recipient’s blood plasma that bind to foreign antigens, tagging them for destruction. An individual’s blood type is a label that indicates the type of antigens present on the surface of his/her RBC.
In the human population, there are certain antigens that are common. In the ABO system, individuals can either have A antigens (Type A), B antigens (Type B), both A and B antigens (Type AB), or neither A nor B antigens (Type O). In the Rh system, individual can either have the D antigen (Rh+) or lack the D antigen (Rh-). These two systems are usually combined so that there are 8 blood types in the human population, A+, A-, B+, B-, AB+, AB-, O+, and O-. These 8 blood types can be depicted as follows…
Type A+ Type A- Type B+ Type B-
Type AB+ Type AB- Type O+ Type O-
Individuals also have antibodies associated with the ABO or Rh antigens that protect them from foreign blood. For example, anti-A antibodies will attack A antigens on a RBC. Individuals will have antibodies that will NOT attack their own blood. The following table lists the 8 blood types and the corresponding antibodies present in the individual’s blood plasma.
Antigens Antibodies Antigens Antibodies
Blood Type on RBC in plasma Blood Type on RBC in plasma
Type A+ A & D Anti-B Type AB+ A, B, & D None
Type A- A Anti-B & Anti-Rh Type AB- A & B Anti-Rh
Type B+ B & D Anti-A Type O+ D Anti-A & Anti-B
Type B- B Anti-A & Anti-Rh Type O- None Anti-A, Anti-B, & Anti-Rh
Key to Compatibilities: Determine the kind of antibodies present in the recipient’s blood plasma. RBC from compatible donors will not have the surface antigens that the recipient’s antibodies would attack.
Example #1. The recipient is Type A+, he/she has Anti-B antibodies. Compatible donors cannot have the B antigen. So, of the 8 possible blood types, A+, A-, O+, and O- are all compatible because they lack the B antigen. B+, B-, AB+, and AB- are all incompatible because they have the B antigen.
Example #2. The recipient is Type O+, he/she has Anti-A and Anti-B antibodies. So, of the 8 possible blood types, O+ and O- are compatible because they lack the A and B antigens. A+, A-, B+, B-, AB+, and AB- are all incompatible because they have either the A antigen, the B antigen, or both.
Answer the questions below about blood types. Note that similar questions will also be asked on the lecture exam.
1 point per blank.
The recipient of a blood transfusion is Type A-. What kind of antigen(s) are on the surface of his/her RBC? __
The recipient of a blood transfusion is Type B+. What kind of antigen(s) are on the surface of his/her RBC? __
The recipient of a blood transfusion is Type AB-. What kind of antibodies are present in his/her blood plasma? _______________
The recipient of a blood transfusion is Type A+. What kind of antibodies are present in his/her blood plasma? _______________
2 points per blank
The recipient of a blood transfusion is Type A-. Of the 8 blood types in the human population, list the blood types of all compatible donors. _____________
The recipient of a blood transfusion is Type O-. Of the 8 blood types in the human population, list the blood types of all compatible donors. _____________
The recipient of a blood transfusion is Type AB-. Of the 8 blood types in the human population, list the blood types of all compatible donors. _____________
The recipient of a blood transfusion is Type B+. Of the 8 blood types in the human population, list the blood types of all compatible donors. _____________
Of the 8 blood types in the human population, which blood type is the universal recipient, (i.e. an individual with this blood type can receive any of the 8 blood types)? __
Of the 8 blood types in the human population, which blood type is the universal donor (i.e. this blood can be donated to anyone, regardless of his/her blood type)? __
Blood Typing Activity
When an individual is in need of a blood transfusion, it is important that the blood given is compatible with the recipient’s blood type. If the donated blood is incompatible, the recipient’s immune system will reject the donated blood as foreign, causing the RBC (Red Blood Cells) to clump together (Agglutinate) which marks them for destruction by macrophages. The danger is that agglutinated blood will clog small vessels which starves the associated tissue of resources. This is a potentially lethal situation.
Determining whether blood types are compatible depends on the type of molecules on the surface of the donated blood (called antigens) and whether the recipient has antibodies that will bind to the antigens on the donated blood. Antibodies are immune proteins within the recipient’s blood plasma that bind to foreign antigens, tagging them for destruction. An individual’s blood type is a label that indicates the type of antigens present on the surface of his/her RBC.
In the human population, there are certain antigens that are common. In the ABO system, individuals can either have A antigens (Type A), B antigens (Type B), both A and B antigens (Type AB), or neither A nor B antigens (Type O). In the Rh system, individual can either have the D antigen (Rh+) or lack the D antigen (Rh-). These two systems are usually combined so that there are 8 blood types in the human population, A+, A-, B+, B-, AB+, AB-, O+, and O-. These 8 blood types can be depicted as follows…
Type A+ Type A- Type B+ Type B-
Type AB+ Type AB- Type O+ Type O-
Individuals also have antibodies associated with the ABO or Rh antigens that protect them from foreign blood. For example, anti-A antibodies will attack A antigens on a RBC. Individuals will have antibodies that will NOT attack their own blood. The following table lists the 8 blood types and the corresponding antibodies present in the individual’s blood plasma.
Antigens Antibodies Antigens Antibodies
Blood Type on RBC in plasma Blood Type on RBC in plasma
Type A+ A & D Anti-B Type AB+ A, B, & D None
Type A- A Anti-B & Anti-Rh Type AB- A & B Anti-Rh
Type B+ B & D Anti-A Type O+ D Anti-A & Anti-B
Type B- B Anti-A & Anti-Rh Type O- None Anti-A, Anti-B, & Anti-Rh
Key to Compatibilities: Determine the kind of antibodies present in the recipient’s blood plasma. RBC from compatible donors will not have the surface antigens that the recipient’s antibodies would attack.
Example #1. The recipient is Type A+, he/she has Anti-B antibodies. Compatible donors cannot have the B antigen. So, of the 8 possible blood types, A+, A-, O+, and O- are all compatible because they lack the B antigen. B+, B-, AB+, and AB- are all incompatible because they have the B antigen.
Example #2. The recipient is Type O+, he/she has Anti-A and Anti-B antibodies. So, of the 8 possible blood types, O+ and O- are compatible because they lack the A and B antigens. A+, A-, B+, B-, AB+, and AB- are all incompatible because they have either the A antigen, the B antigen, or both.
Answer the questions below about blood types. Note that similar questions will also be asked on the lecture exam.
1 point per blank.
The recipient of a blood transfusion is Type A-. What kind of antigen(s) are on the surface of his/her RBC? __
The recipient of a blood transfusion is Type B+. What kind of antigen(s) are on the surface of his/her RBC? __
The recipient of a blood transfusion is Type AB-. What kind of antibodies are present in his/her blood plasma? _______________
The recipient of a blood transfusion is Type A+. What kind of antibodies are present in his/her blood plasma? _______________
2 points per blank
The recipient of a blood transfusion is Type A-. Of the 8 blood types in the human population, list the blood types of all compatible donors. _____________
The recipient of a blood transfusion is Type O-. Of the 8 blood types in the human population, list the blood types of all compatible donors. _____________
The recipient of a blood transfusion is Type AB-. Of the 8 blood types in the human population, list the blood types of all compatible donors. _____________
The recipient of a blood transfusion is Type B+. Of the 8 blood types in the human population, list the blood types of all compatible donors. _____________
Of the 8 blood types in the human population, which blood type is the universal recipient, (i.e. an individual with this blood type can receive any of the 8 blood types)? __
Of the 8 blood types in the human population, which blood type is the universal donor (i.e. this blood can be donated to anyone, regardless of his/her blood type)? __
Neurological & Genitalia
List the risk factors for cerebrovascular accidents and why?
What cultures are at higher risk and why?
Describe the 0 to 4+ scale for scoring deep tendon reflexes.
What would you expect to find in a patient with diabetic peripheral neuropathy?
Share any experience you have encountered and elaborate.
———-
Identify and explain positions other than the lithotomy in which a pelvic examination can be performed.
Why are women at a higher risk of UTI than males?
What would you educate to decrease the risk of UTI?
Summarize the pros and cons of newborn circumcision.
Describe the following signs on a female examination:
Chadwick
Goodell
Name the characteristics of the following type of hernias:
Indirect inguinal
Direct inguinal
Cognitive mapping
Review this week’s Learning Resources on cognitive evolution, memory, and cognitive neuroscience.
Locate a peer-reviewed journal article on memory related to one of the following topics:
Improving memory
Aging
Amnesia
Cognitive mapping
Consider how the article you selected relates to cognition and cognitive neuroscience.
Post a response to the following:
Briefly describe the article you found on memory. Explain how the article informs our understanding of cognition and cognitive neuroscience. Be specific.
Abnormal Behavior
Review the neurodevelopmental disorders in the DSM-5.
Review the interactive media program “Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Case Study” found in this week’s Learning Resources.
Review the interactive media program “Intellectual and Developmental Disability (IDD): A Case Study” found in this week’s Learning Resources.
Select one of these two neurodevelopmental disorders on which to focus for this Discussion.
Post the following:
Based on the DSM-5 and the scholarly articles found in this week’s Learning Resources, define and explain the neurodevelopmental disorder exemplified in the case study that you selected.
Explain how and why some of the symptoms associated with neurodevelopmental disorders contribute to criminal behavior.
Explain the forensic psychological implications of this neurodevelopmental disorder.
Anxiety, obsessive compulsive trauma-related disorders.
Review the video, Case Study: Dev Cordoba. You will use this case as the basis of this Assignment. In this video,
Consider what history would be necessary to collect from this patient.
Consider what interview questions you would need to ask this patient.
Develop a Focused SOAP Note, including your differential diagnosis and critical-thinking process to formulate a primary diagnosis. Incorporate the following into your responses in the template:
Subjective: What details did the patient provide regarding their chief complaint and symptomology to derive your differential diagnosis? What is the duration and severity of their symptoms? How are their symptoms impacting their functioning in life?
Objective: What observations did you make during the psychiatric assessment?
Assessment: Discuss the patient’s mental status examination results. What were your differential diagnoses? Provide a minimum of three possible diagnoses with supporting evidence, listed in order from highest priority to lowest priority. Compare the DSM-5-TR diagnostic criteria for each differential diagnosis and explain what DSM-5-TR criteria rules out the differential diagnosis to find an accurate diagnosis. Explain the critical-thinking process that led you to the primary diagnosis you selected. Include pertinent positives and pertinent negatives for the specific patient case.
Plan: What is your plan for psychotherapy? What is your plan for treatment and management, including alternative therapies? Include pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatments, alternative therapies, and follow-up parameters, as well as a rationale for this treatment and management plan. Also incorporate one health promotion activity and one patient education strategy.
Reflection notes: What would you do differently with this patient if you could conduct the session again? Discuss what your next intervention would be if you could follow up with this patient. Also include in your reflection a discussion related to legal/ethical considerations (demonstrate critical thinking beyond confidentiality and consent for treatment!), health promotion, and disease prevention, taking into consideration patient factors (such as age, ethnic group, etc.), PMH, and other risk factors (e.g., socioeconomic, cultural background, etc.).
Provide at least three evidence-based, peer-reviewed journal articles or evidenced-based guidelines that relate to this case to support your diagnostics and differential diagnoses. Be sure they are current (no more than 5 years old).
How high-glycemic index foods affect blood glucose levels.
Describe how high-glycemic index foods affect blood glucose levels.
List at least three health benefits associated with low-glycemic index foods.
Therapist living in the not-so-distant future.
Imagine you are a therapist living in the not-so-distant future. A moral bioenhancement pill called Moralzac is currently in clinical trials to obtain FDA approval. You have already read about moral bioenhancement in peer-reviewed journals and are worried about the ethical implications of this pill.
If this pill were to be approved by the FDA, would you prescribe it to a patient? Why or why not?
Explain how you might use the eight-step ethical decision-making model to come to your conclusion.
Structure of an ACL
Access control lists are ordered sets of rules that control the traffic that is permitted or denied the use of a path through the router. What is the structure of an ACL (Access Control List)?