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Case Study Analysis: J.D. and Iron Deficiency Anemia

Hematopoietic:

J.D. is a 37 years old white woman who presents to her gynecologist complaining of a 2-month history of intermenstrual bleeding, menorrhagia, increased urinary frequency, mild incontinence, extreme fatigue, and weakness. Her menstrual period occurs every 28 days and lately there have been 6 days of heavy flow and cramping. She denies abdominal distension, back-ache, and constipation. She has not had her usual energy levels since before her last pregnancy.

Past Medical History (PMH):
Upon reviewing her past medical history, the gynecologist notes that her patient is a G5P5with four pregnancies within four years, the last infant having been delivered vaginally four months ago. All five pregnancies were unremarkable and without delivery complications. All infants were born healthy. Patient history also reveals a 3-year history of osteoarthritis in the left knee, probably the result of sustaining significant trauma to her knee in an MVA when she was 9 years old. When asked what OTC medications she is currently taking for her pain and for how long she has been taking them, she reveals that she started taking ibuprofen, three tablets each day, about 2.5 years ago for her left knee. Due to a slowly progressive increase in pain and a loss of adequate relief with three tablets, she doubled the daily dose of ibuprofen. Upon the recommendation from her nurse practitioner and because long-term ibuprofen use can cause peptic ulcers, she began taking OTC omeprazole on a regular basis to prevent gastrointestinal bleeding. Patient history also reveals a 3-year history of HTN for which she is now being treated with a diuretic and a centrally acting antihypertensive drug. She has had no previous surgeries.

Case Study Questions

Name the contributing factors on J.D that might put her at risk to develop iron deficiency anemia.
Within the case study, describe the reasons why J.D. might be presenting constipation and or dehydration.
Why Vitamin B12 and folic acid are important on the erythropoiesis? What abnormalities their deficiency might cause on the red blood cells?
The gynecologist is suspecting that J.D. might be experiencing iron deficiency anemia.
In order to support the diagnosis, list and describe the clinical symptoms that J.D. might have positive for Iron deficiency anemia.
If the patient is diagnosed with iron deficiency anemia, what do you expect to find as signs of this type of anemia? List and describe.
Labs results came back for the patient. Hb 10.2 g/dL; Hct 30.8%; Ferritin 9 ng/dL; red blood cells are smaller and paler in color than normal. Research list and describe for appropriate recommendations and treatments for J.D.

 

 

Sample Answer

 

Case Study Analysis: J.D. and Iron Deficiency Anemia

Contributing Factors for Iron Deficiency Anemia

J.D. presents multiple risk factors that may contribute to the development of iron deficiency anemia:

1. Heavy Menstrual Bleeding (Menorrhagia): J.D. has reported intermenstrual bleeding and menorrhagia, which can lead to a significant loss of iron due to increased menstrual blood loss.

2. Recent Pregnancy: Given that J.D. delivered her last infant four months ago, the physiological demands of pregnancy and lactation can deplete iron stores, especially since she has had five pregnancies in a relatively short timeframe.

3. Increased Urinary Frequency: This could indicate possible dehydration or fluid imbalances, which may subsequently complicate her nutritional status.

4. Chronic Pain and Medication Use: Long-term use of ibuprofen may not only lead to gastrointestinal issues but also potentially affect nutrient absorption and contribute to gastrointestinal bleeding, further risking iron deficiency.

5. Dietary Considerations: If her diet is not rich in iron or if she has increased nutritional demands due to her active lifestyle and recent pregnancies, this could exacerbate her risk of iron deficiency.

Reasons for Constipation and Dehydration

While the case study does not explicitly mention constipation, several factors could contribute to this condition:

1. Ibuprofen Use: Chronic use of NSAIDs like ibuprofen can lead to gastrointestinal symptoms, including constipation.

2. Fluid Intake: If J.D. is experiencing increased urinary frequency, she might not be adequately hydrating herself, leading to dehydration and potentially contributing to constipation.

3. Dietary Habits: A diet low in fiber may also lead to constipation, especially if she is focusing on managing her pain and not prioritizing balanced nutrition.

Importance of Vitamin B12 and Folic Acid in Erythropoiesis

Vitamin B12 and folic acid are essential for erythropoiesis—the production of red blood cells (RBCs).

– Vitamin B12: It is crucial for DNA synthesis in red blood cell production. A deficiency can lead to impaired cell division and the production of large, abnormal RBCs (megaloblasts) in a condition called megaloblastic anemia.

– Folic Acid: Similar to B12, folate is necessary for DNA synthesis and cell division. Deficiency can also lead to megaloblastic anemia with large, immature RBCs.

Clinical Symptoms of Iron Deficiency Anemia

If J.D. is experiencing iron deficiency anemia, she may present with the following clinical symptoms:

1. Fatigue: A common symptom due to reduced oxygen delivery to tissues.
2. Weakness: Resulting from decreased hemoglobin levels.
3. Pallor: Noted in the skin or conjunctiva due to decreased RBCs.
4. Shortness of Breath: Especially during exertion, as oxygen-carrying capacity is diminished.
5. Dizziness or Lightheadedness: Due to reduced blood flow and oxygen delivery.
6. Cold Hands and Feet: Related to poor circulation from anemia.
7. Brittle Nails or Hair Loss: Often associated with nutrient deficiencies.

Expected Signs of Iron Deficiency Anemia

In the case of J.D., signs expected upon examination may include:

1. Pallor: Visible paleness of the skin or mucous membranes.
2. Tachycardia: Increased heart rate as the body compensates for lower oxygen levels.
3. Systolic Murmur: May be detected due to increased blood flow through the heart chambers.
4. Koilonychia: Spoon-shaped nails, indicative of chronic iron deficiency.

Laboratory Findings

Given the lab results:

– Hemoglobin (Hb): 10.2 g/dL (Normal: 12-16 g/dL for women)
– Hematocrit (Hct): 30.8% (Normal: 36-46% for women)
– Ferritin: 9 ng/dL (Normal: 12-150 ng/mL for women)
– Microcytic Hypochromic RBCs: Smaller and pale red blood cells, characteristic of iron deficiency anemia.

Recommendations and Treatments for J.D.

1. Iron Supplementation:

– Start oral iron supplements (e.g., ferrous sulfate) at prescribed doses (typically 325 mg orally once or twice daily) to replenish iron stores.

2. Dietary Modifications:

– Encourage a diet rich in iron (red meat, poultry, fish), vitamin C (citrus fruits, tomatoes) to enhance iron absorption, and folate-rich foods (leafy greens, legumes).

3. Monitor Symptoms and Hematological Parameters:

– Schedule follow-up appointments to monitor hemoglobin levels and assess response to treatment within 4-6 weeks.

4. Education on Medication Use:

– Advise J.D. on potential side effects of iron supplementation, including gastrointestinal discomfort, and encourage adherence to the treatment plan.

5. Evaluate for Underlying Causes:

– Investigate any potential sources of gastrointestinal bleeding (e.g., endoscopy if indicated), considering her long-term NSAID use.

6. Consider Referral:

– If symptoms persist despite treatment, consider referral to a hematologist for further evaluation or treatment options.

Conclusion

J.D.’s presentation is consistent with iron deficiency anemia influenced by recent obstetric history, heavy menstrual bleeding, chronic pain management practices, and possibly inadequate dietary intake. Effective management requires a comprehensive approach that includes iron supplementation, dietary education, and careful monitoring of her condition.

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