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Case Study Analysis: Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 in a Native American Woman

C.B. is a significantly overweight, 48-year-old woman from the Winnebago Indian tribe who had high blood sugar and cholesterol levels three years ago but did not follow up with a clinical diagnostic work-up. She had participated in the state’s annual health screening program and noticed that her fasting blood sugar was 141 and her cholesterol was 225. However, she felt “perfectly fine at the time” and could not afford any more medications. Except for a number of “female infections,” she has felt fine until recently. Today, she presents to the Indian Hospital general practitioner complaining that her left foot has been weak and numb for nearly three weeks and that the foot is difficult to flex. She denies any other weakness or numbness at this time. However, she reports that she has been very thirsty lately and gets up more often at night to urinate. She has attributed these symptoms to the extremely warm weather and drinking more water to keep her hydrated. She has gained a total of 65 pounds since her last pregnancy 14 years ago, 15 pounds in the last 6 months alone.
Case Study 2 Questions:

In which race and ethnic groups is DM more prevalent?
Based on C.B.’s clinical manifestations, please compile the signs and symptoms that she is exhibiting that are compatible with the Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 diagnosis.
If C.B. develops bacterial pneumonia on her right lower lobe, how would you expect her Glycemia values to be? Explain and support your answer.
What would be the best initial therapy (non-pharmacologic and pharmacologic) to be recommended to C.B.?

 

 

 

Sample Answer

 

Title: Case Study Analysis: Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 in a Native American Woman

Race and Ethnic Groups with Prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus (DM)

Diabetes Mellitus, particularly Type 2, is more prevalent in certain race and ethnic groups, including:

Native Americans and Alaskan Natives
African Americans
Hispanic/Latino Americans
Asian Americans
Pacific Islanders

Clinical Manifestations of Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 in C.B.

C.B. exhibits signs and symptoms that are compatible with a diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus Type 2, including:

High Blood Sugar:Fasting blood sugar of 141 indicates hyperglycemia, a hallmark of diabetes.

Thirst and Polyuria:Increased thirst and frequent urination are classic symptoms of elevated blood sugar levels leading to dehydration.

Weight Gain:Significant weight gain, especially around the abdomen, is common in patients with uncontrolled diabetes.

Peripheral Neuropathy:Weakness and numbness in the foot suggest peripheral neuropathy, a common complication of diabetes affecting nerve function.

Difficulty Flexing Foot:Neuropathy can lead to muscle weakness and difficulty in movement, such as flexing the foot.

Glycemia Values in Bacterial Pneumonia Scenario

If C.B. develops bacterial pneumonia on her right lower lobe, her Glycemia values would likely be elevated. Stressors like infections can lead to an increase in blood sugar levels due to the release of stress hormones such as cortisol and adrenaline. The body’s response to infection can cause insulin resistance, resulting in hyperglycemia.

Initial Therapy Recommendations for C.B.

Non-Pharmacologic Therapy:

Lifestyle Modifications:Encourage C.B. to adopt a healthy diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins to manage blood sugar levels and promote weight loss.
Emphasize regular physical activity, such as walking or swimming, to improve insulin sensitivity and control weight.
Stress the importance of smoking cessation and limiting alcohol intake to reduce cardiovascular risk factors.

Pharmacologic Therapy:

Oral Antidiabetic Medications:Initiate treatment with oral antidiabetic medications such as metformin to help lower blood sugar levels and improve insulin sensitivity.

Blood Pressure and Cholesterol Management:Consider prescribing medications to manage high blood pressure and cholesterol levels, which are common comorbidities in patients with diabetes.

Foot Care:Refer C.B. to a podiatrist for evaluation and management of foot neuropathy to prevent complications such as foot ulcers.

Conclusion

In conclusion, C.B.’s case highlights the importance of recognizing the signs and symptoms of Diabetes Mellitus Type 2, especially in high-risk populations like Native Americans. Early diagnosis and intervention through a combination of lifestyle modifications and pharmacologic therapy are crucial in managing diabetes and preventing complications associated with the disease. By addressing C.B.’s health concerns comprehensively and holistically, healthcare providers can work towards improving her quality of life and reducing the long-term impact of diabetes on her overall health.

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